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> THE FIRST
BOOK
Architecture,
ANDREA PALLADIO.
Tranſlated out of ITALIAN:
With an Appendix Touching
DOORS and WINDOWS,
ByPrLeMus r ArchiteCt to the French King :
Tranſlated out of French,
By G. KR.
AlſoRules and Demonſtrations, with ſeveral Defigns for the
<A Framing of any manner of Roof? either above pitch or under
pitch, whether Square or Bevel, never Publifked before.
With defignes of Floors of Variety of ſmall pieces of Wood,
lately made in the Pallace of the Queen Mother, at Sommerſet. 4
Howſe ; A curiofity never prattiſed in England before, |
The Second Edition Correfled and Enlarged.
4 EY LONDON,
Printed by 7. M. and fold by G. Richards, at the Golden Ball
over againſt the Exchange, London: And by Sam. Thomſon,
at the Biſhops Head in Ducks Lane, 1668,
ITMPRIMATUR,
G. Brabourne, $.S.T.P. Reverendiſſ:-
Jan.27,1662. mo in Chriſto Patri,e9-D.D.Archiep.
Cant.Sacellan. domeſtic.
|
.
i
. #-
a *F
—
To my Worthy and much Honoured
Friend, DANIEL COLWAL, Eſq.
Sr,
Eing very ſenfible of the many Fa-
vours which you have a long time
Heen pleaſed ro afford me, I dare no
longer delay to acknowledge my Ob-
ligation : Alchough with the Addirion of
your farther trouble, in defiring your Peruſal
and Allowance of this Trarſlation , wherein
if you ſhall think that I have done the Author
no leſle right then he hath done the SubjeQ,
I ſhall not doubt of the approbation of all o-
ther Ingenious perſons; and thatour Artiſts
having ſuch Examples will make ir as much
eſtcemed here as abroad ; and it is only for
their ſervice that I have undertaken this
work. I confetle I ought to prelent you
ſomething ſuitable ro thoſe higher Studies
wiercin you have with lo much ſucceſle ex-
erciſed vour ſelf, and not by any thing inferi-
A 2 our,
The Epifile Dedicatory.
our, divert you from the Philoſophical and
Sublime Entertainments, which you find in
that Royall Society at Greſham-Colledge ,
whereof you are a Worthy Member. But
this being intended for an afliſtance to our
Ingenious : Workmen , and Improvement of
Engliſh Architeare ; I ſhall therefore hope
for your Patronage, and that you will own
me in this, as in all other occaſions, tobe,
Str ,
Four moſt Humble and
Obliged Servant;
Godfrey Richards.
|
;
]
:
l
THE
PREFACE
He SubjeS of this Tranſlation, being
ArchiteCture,doth,in the opinion of
S' Hen. Wotton, need no Commen-
dation, where there are Noble Men
or Noble Minds: T herefore I ſhall only give you
an accompt of the Authors, and my own concern-
ment herein : He was Andrea Palladio,e famous
Archite of Italy , where taking notice of the
Irregularities and Deformities in Building, in-
troduced by invaſions of the Gothes, and other
Barbarians to prevent thoſe inconveniences for
the future, he thought fit te inſtruct the world in
the Rules and P wy 54 of the Learned Ancients;
having epportunity to obſerve the foot-ſteps of
their labours even at Rome it ſelf, where being
the greateſt Concourſe of Noble Mex and Noble
Minds,they ſpared neither Care nor Coft in Build-
ing: And in Imitation of them,our Author is ex-
aCt in his directions touching every material, as in
the choice of Stone, Timber, Metals, Sand, Lime,
Brick, @c.what goodzand what not how to be pre-
pared and put in uſe. 'Tis obſerved how careful
they were in the making their Brick and Lime,not
forbearing the hardeft Stone ; for as $* Henry
Wotton -
The Preface.
"Wotton ebſermeth, that the Italians tethis day,
and much more the Ancients,did burn their firm-
eft Stone, and even Marble it ſelf, where it was
plentiful,which in time became Marble again,or
at leaſt of Indiſſoluble Durity, as appeareth in the
ſtanding Theatres. Andother Learned Men have
required that all the Timber be cut ont of the ſame
Foreſt, all the Stone out of the ſame Quarry, and
the Lime be made out of the ſame Stone of which
the Building 1s intended,imagining that they will
Sympathiz. and joyn better by a kind of Original
Kindred. But inſtead of this Curioſity, we too
often make Lime without any great chouce, and of
Refuſe Stuff, which is an Engliſh Errour, of no
ſmall moment in our Buildinos. After theſe
Particulars, our Author proceeds to treat of
the Five Orders of Columns, whoſe Members
and Proportions, as he hath laid them down, are
by the Fudicious efteemed the myſt excellent in
their kind ,, and for ſome of their terms which I
have changed, it was not without the adwice of
Skilful Artiſts,thereby to conform to thoſe terms
moſt familiar to our Work- men. To theſe are
added Defignes of Doores and Windowes, by
P" Le Muet, Archie to the French King \
which I thonght good to preſent, ( Palladio only
diſcoure
The Preface.
diſcourſing of them ) they being well approved
by all Artiſts, both for their manner and Propoy-
tions, and the ſame which are in the Louvre at
Paris; and ont of him I have given the Propor-
tion of Halls and Chambers, though a little dif-
fering from Palladio, becauſe moſt agreeing to
the preſent pralice both in Fngland and France:
And for the ſame Reaſon, I do, inſtead of Mon-
ſieur Muets Deſigns of Frames of Houſes, put
in ſuch as are uſed in England, by the direfion
of ſome of our ableſt Architets, which (I hope )
will be grateful, and wery uſeful, not only to our
Artiſts,but Gentlemen and others which nay have
occaſion to Build ;, giving an account of all the
Names proper to each Member and principal of
the Houle ; and alſo ſhew the manner of framing,
with their ſeveral Scantlings and Buttments.
Although we want not ſuch Ingenious Artiſts
whoſe names deſerve 10 be Celebrated for many
ftanding Examples of their skil],which do better
deſerve deſcription then many publiſhed with
much pomp beyond the Seas : Tet we have but few
Bookes which I can recommend to you, beſides the
Excellent diſcourſes of Sir H. Wotton and John
Evelyn Eſq; the former on the Elements of
ArchiteGure, andthe latter in his accompt of
Archi--
The Preface.
Architeeure and Archite&s ( added to his Ele.
gant Tranſlation of the Parallel ) where they
hawingcompriſed fully and clearly the moſt weigh-
ty obſervations. of the Art in general,the ſiudious
will need only to ſerve himſelf of the particular
parts thereof, according to his own occaſions.
And ſuch Pieces as I here preſent, the Reader
'cannot think, unſeaſonable, now that a new and
great City is to be built, whereinthe K ing having
ſhewn his particular care of keeping the Trade
in its former channel, by fixing the Exchange,
Cuſtom-honſe gc. on their old foundations,
and the Laws baving provided for ſuch a way
of building, as may joyn together (what our Au-
thor requires to be obſerved by every undertaker )
Accomodation, Hand{omne(ſs,and Laſtingneſs,
and prevent that deformity and danger which we
have formerly been liable to,by Irregularand ſlight
buildings, narrow Streets, intolerable encroach-
ments, jettings of windowes, and what not,that
might make it combuſtible. I hope now both old
and young will rejoyce at the re-building of
London, 2 ſecond happy reſtoration, inferiour
only 10 that of his Majeſties Perſon and Gowern-
ment,
G. I
THE
;
LL2222422L2LLLLLLSLLLLLSLH AL 92
THE
FIRST BOOK
ARCHITECIURE
By AnprEa ParrtaDio.
BD ———————_—
CHAP. I.
What ought to be conſidered and prepared,
before you begin to Build.
Bu you begin to Build , you ought carefully to con-
—
fider every part of the Foundation and Greund-work
of the Building which is to be raiſed. Three things
in a Building ( as ſaithVitraviss) ought to be confider-
ed, without which it will not deſerve commendation : Thoſe
are uſcfulneGs or accommodation, laſtingneſs and handſomned :
For that work cannot be accounted perfe&t , which is uſeful
but only for a ſhort time, or not convenient for a longer z or
having theſe two, hath not alſo decency : It will be commodious,
when every part hath ics duc place and fit ſcituation , not below
ics dignity, nor above what its uſe requires z And they will be
ficly diſpoſed, when the Galleries, Halls, Chambers, Cellars, and
Granaries arc in their proper places. As for the laſtingneſs, you
regard that when all the Walls are right by the line , thicker
below then above , and have good and ſufficient foundations ;
B
and
k1
Of ArchiteSure.
2nd beſides, the pillars above muſt be directly over the pillars
deketty And all he Apertures (Doors and Windows moſt
be one above the other, ſothat the folid be upon the ſolid , and
the vacant be upon the vacant, The handſomneſs will ariſe from
th: fair form, and the correſpondence between the whole and its
parts, of thig-pants among themſelves, and of: them tothe whole :
Bccauſe that a building ought to appear an intire and perfe&
body , wherein cach member agrees with the others, and all the
members be necefiary to what you defign,
Theſe things conſidered, in the defignand mode}, you ought
then diligently to calculate all the charge that may ariſe, and
make timely proviſion of money , and prepare what materials
ſhall ſeem requitite : So that in building nothing may be defici-
ent, and hinder the Complement-of the work , it being no little
praiſe to the builder, nor ſmall advantage to the work , that it
be finiſhed with due expedition : And that all the Walls be at
once laid out, and equally diſpatched , from whence there will
be none of thoſe clefrs which uſaally are ſeen in Fabricks finiſhed
uncqually, and at divers times.
And therefore having: choſen the moſt *kilful Artiſts that you
can get, that ſo the work may be the better carricd on , by their
advice ; You are to provide Timber, Stones, Sand, Lime, and
Metal ; ccrerning which proviſion, you ſhall have ſome Advere
tiſements, as to frame the Joiſts of the Haſl and Chambers, pro-
vide your (elf with ſo many Joilts , as when framed, there may
remain between them the fpace of a Joiſt and half.
In like manner, concerning Stone, you are to take notice, that
to make-the Jaumes of Doors and Windows, you are not to have
fone bigger thena fifth , nor Ic then a fixch part of the light ;
And if you intend to adorn the building with Pillars or Pillaſters,
make the Baſes, Capitels, and Architraves of ſtone, and the other
parts of brick,
Bclides, as for the Walls, you are to conſider, that they ought
to diminiſh according as they riſe z which inſtruftion will tate
the account right , and leflen great part of the charge : And be-
cauſe all theſe parts may be diſcourſed of in their particular pla-
ces, it ſha]l ſuffice to have here-giventhis general advice, which is
« a rough draught of the whole building.
But
"
me tt a. AGAR REED Lie bod an of S
Of ArchiteSiure.
Bur befidet the quantity, you are alſo to conſider the qua'ity
and goodnefſe of the matcrials, to chaſe the beſt
gained from the buildings of others will be a great help, becauſe
thereby we may cafily know how to determine what is fit and
dient to our own purpoſe. And although Vitrzvins, Leon
Battiſta, Alberti, and other excellent Writers, have taught what
is requiſite in the choice of materials, yet that nothing may be
wanting in theſe Books of mine, I ſhall ſpeak of ſome, confining
my ſelf to the moſt neceflary.
CHAP. IL
Of Timber.
Imber (as Vitravizs hath it, cap. 9. book, 2.) ought tobe fel-
led in Aztwmn, and through all the inter : becauſe then
the Trees recover from the root that ſtrength and ſoundneſſe
which in the Sprivg and Swmmer was diſperſed into leaves and
fruic; And you are tocut them in the wane of the Moon, be.
cauſe the moiſture which is moſt apt torot wood, is then con-
famed : from whence there will not come the worm to hurt it.
It ſhould be cut but tothe middle of the pith; and fo left until
it be dry, becauſe by drops there will paſle away that moiſture
which would cauſe putrefaRtion ; Being cut, ler it be laid 'n a
place free from the extremitics of Sun, Wind and Rain; and
thoſe ought chiefly to be kept dry , which are of ſpontaneous
wth; and tothe end that they may not cleave but dry equal-
, youare to daub them over with Cow-dung ; it (bou!d not be
wn through the dew, but in the afternoon,nor to be wrought
being very wet or too dry : becauſe the one makes it apt to rot,
the other hard to work z nor will it in leffe then three years
be dry enough, to uſe in Plankes, Doores and Windows. It
is convenient for thoſe who are about to build, to inform them
ſclves from men skilful in the nature of Timber, what Wood
B 2 is
Of Architeclure.
-. 6r for ſack uſe, and what not. : Vierwoixs, in the Chapter above
a pives good inſtrutions z and ſo other learned men
who have written thereof at large.
DR —————
CHAP. IILE
—"— —
Of Stone.
Ome are Natural,ſome Artificial : The Natural arc hewn out
OS the Quarry, and are cither tomake lime or to build walls;
of thoſe which are uſed for Lime, ſhall be ſpoken herecafter;thoſe
of which walls are built,are cither Marble and hard Stone, or clſe
ſoft and pliant. Marble,and hard Stone is to be wrought as ſoon
as digg*d ; for it will be at that time more cafic to work, then
when it bath remained a while in the Aire : Sceing the longer
they are out of the Quarry, ip by r war the harder, and muſt
ſuddenly be put in hand ; But the ſofter Stone (eſpecially where
irs nature and ſufficiency is not underſtood, as when 'tis digg'd
in a place from whence formerly none has been taken ) ought to
be digg'd in Summer, and expoſed to the Aire, and not to be
uſed within —_—_— z it muſt be digg'd in Summer, to the end
that not being uſed to wind, rain, and froſt, it may by degrees
grow hard, and inabled to reſiſt thoſe injuries of the weather ;
and it ſhould be left ſo long, that thoſe which have been preju-
diced may be put in foundations; and the others not ſpoiled
(upon trial) are to be uſed above ground in Buildings, becauſe
they endure longeſt,
Artificial Stones, are from their form commonly called —
drells, Theſe are made of a chalkic, whitiſh, and pliable carth ;
you muſt by all means ,avoid that which is gravelly and ſandy ;
the earth muſt be digged in Aztumn, and tempered in WWumer,
and ſo they my well made in the Spring z But if neceſſity
forces you to make them ia the Winter or Summer, cover them
in Winer with dry ſand,and in Summer with ftraw,when made,
| chey
as. = nc Þ
'Y eh oe CSE AEST i ed its edt dane ALE. - ds
POT ud
Of Architefure.
they 7 _ a longer time todry; and cis beſt that they dry in
the ſhade , ſo that not only the outhde , bat the middle and all
parts may be equally hardned, which cannot be done in leſs then
two years. They are made bigger or leſs according to the qua-
lity of the building, and the uſe to which they are intended ;
Therefore the Ancients made their bricks for publick and preat
buildings, larger then for (mall and private : The bigger ſort
ought to be hollowed in many places, that ſo they may dry and
bake the better,
CHAP. IV.
Of Sand.
Here are three ſorts of Sand, that is to Gay, Pit-Sand, River-
Sand, and Sea-Sand, Pir-Sand is of aJl the beſt, and is
black , white , red, or cindry, which is a ſort of carth burnt by
fire incloſed in 'the Mountains, and digged up in Tuſcany.
There is alſo digged in Terra di Lavoro, in the Territories of
Baia and Cum, a Sand called by Vitruvixs, Pozzolanz , which
ſuddenly knits together in water , and makes building very
ftrong z it hath been found by long experience , that of all Pit-
Sand, the white is the worſe : And of River-Sand , that from
the ſtream which is ſound in the falls of water is the beſt, becauſe
ie is morepurged. The Sza-Sand is worſt of all, and black-
ens and ſhines like glaſs, but that is better which is neareſt the
ſhore, and bigger. The Pit-Sand , becauſe *is fat and tough
(but apt to cleave ) is therefore ufed in Walls and leng Vaults,
The River-Sand is very good for the covering, or rough-caſting
of Walls. Sea-Sand, becauſe *cis ſoon wet and ſoon dry-, and
moulders away by reaſon of the S2/t , therefore is unfit to bear
weight, All Sand is bcſt in its kind, if being ſqueezed and
handled, it crackles; and if being put upon a white cloth, ic
neither ſtainsnor leaves it foul : that is bad, which mingled with
water,
i
of ArchiteFure.
| makes it dirty and muddy , and which has for a
= in the Aire, Sun, Moon, and Froſt, becauſe it on
retain much carth and rotten humour , apt to bring forth
ſhrubs and wild fig-trecs , which are greatly hurtful to
buildings,
CHAP. v.
Of Lime, and how to work it.
Tones, whereof Lime is made, are cither digg'd out of the
Qin or taken out of the Rivers : All Stones of the Hills arc
good, which are dry without any moiſture, and brittle, having
no material in it ; which when it paſlcth the fire ſhall leave the
Stone lefle z Therefore that Lime will be beſt which is made of
the hardeſt, ſormd, and white Stone, and being burnt remaines a
third part lighter then its Stone, There are alſo certain ſorts of
Stone, the Lime whereof is very good for the ſetting of walls.
In the Hills of Pad»a they dig a rugged Stone, whoſc Lime is ve-
ry good. in works which lic open, and in the water, becauſe it
preſently hardens , and endures very long. All digg'd Stones
are better to make Lime, then the gathered; and from a ſhad
and moilt pit, rather then a dry: the white is better to wa
then the brown; Stones. which are gathered jn Rivers and
Brookes, that is to ſay, Pebbles, make excellent Lime, and
very White, and neat work ; Therefore tis generally us'd for
finiſhing of Wall-, All Stones, as well of the Hills as Rivers,
are ſooner or later burnt, according to the fire which is given
them ; but ordinarily they are burnt in fixty hours: Being
burnt, wet them, but not pour on the water all at once, but at
divers times, and frequently (that they may not burn ) till they
be well tempered : Afterwards put them in a moiſt and ſhady
place without any mixture,onely cover them lightly with Sand;
8nd by how mach the more thorowly they are ſteeped, ſo much
the more tough and better they: will be : Exceptthoſe which
are
Of ArchiteSure.
are made of rough Stcnes, as the Padzan, becauſe they, as ſoon as
they are wet, muſt be wrought, otherwiſe they waſte and burn
away; whence they-will not hold , but become uſeleſs ; for to
make the Mortar, you mult ſo mix the Sand, that taking of Pit-
Sand, you muſt put three parts thereof with one of Lime; if Ri-
ver or Sea-Sand, two parts thereot with one of Lime,
en En ety <> ———_—
D—
CHAP. VI.
Of Metals.
He Metals uſed in buildings are Iron, Lead, and Copper ?!
Iron ſerves to make Nails, Hinges, and'Chains, to faſten the
Doors, to make Doors themſclves, Grates ,- and the like works;
It is no where found, and digged pure, but when digged is pure
ged by the fire, to the end it may be fo melted, that it may
run, and that before it be cool, the foulneſs may bez taken away g
but after it is purged and cooled, it heats well, and becomes ſoft,
and cafe to be wrought and beat out with a hammer. But ic
will not cafilymecle , if it be nor put again into a fornace made
for that purpoſe if being red hot, it do not work nor yield to
the hammer, it waſtes and is ſpoiled. *Tis a fign of the goodne(s
of Iron, if in the maſs you ſee the veins continued ſtraight without
interrvption , and if the ends of the piece be clean and without
ſoil : Becauſe the ſaid veins ſhew if the Iron be without knots and
puffs , and you may underſtand the middle by the ends. Being
wruught into plates ſquare , or any other figure , if the fides be
even, ycu may conclude, "tis all alike good , having equally cn--
dured the hammer,
With Lead they cover ſtately Palaces, Churches, Towers,
and other publick:buildings , and Gutters and Pipes to convey
water , and therewith they faften the Hinges and Iron-work in
the Jaumes of Doors and Windows. are three ſorts
thereof, white , black , and of a colour between both , =
5
Of Architefare.
by ſome called Aſh-colour ; the black is ſo called, not becauſe
is really black, but becauſe being whice , with ſome blackneſs
in it: Thereforc in reſpe& of the white , the Ancients with rea.
ſon gave itthat name, The white is more perfeRt and precious
then the black, the Aſh-co!lour is between both : Lead is digged
cither in great lumps found by themſelves , or in ſmall pieces,
which ſhine with a certain blackneſs , or elſe in very thinflakes,
amongſt the Rocks, Marble and Stones, All forts of Lead will
ealilyrun , becauſe with the heat of the firc ic melts before it is
* red hot : but put it into a very hot furnace, ir loſeth its nature
and ſtrength; for one part is changed into Litharge, and the
other into droſs. Of theſe ſorts of Lead the black is ſoft, and
therefore calily wrought with the hammer , and dilates much,
and is very heavy. The white is harder and lighter, the Aſh.
colour is much harder then the white, and of middle weight be.
tween both,
With Copper ſometimes they cover publick buildings ; and
the Ancients made Nails or Boles, which faftned in the ſtones
above and below, kept the {tones from falling out of order, and
the Clafpes or Hooks placed to hold two ſtones together ; and
they uſed theſe Nails and Claſpes, becauſe that buildings which
can'c poſlibly bs made without many pieces of ſtones may ( by
being thus joyned and bound together) as it were become one
ſtone, and ſo more (trong and durable. They alſo made Nails
and Claſpes of Iron, but more often of Copper , becauſe they
will laſt longer , not being fo ſubje<& to ruſt. Alſo they made
Letters for Inſcriptions , which they placed on the borders of
buildings: And we read that of this Metal were the hundred
famous gates of Babylonz and in the Iles of Cades, the two
Pillars of Hercules cight bits high, That is eſtcemed the beſt,
which burnt and extraRted from Mineral by fire, is red , inc'in-
ing to yellow, of @ good grain, and full of boles , for that is a fign
tis well purged, and free from drofs : Cox per may be heated
Iixe Iron, and made liquid, fo that it may be caſt ; but in ex-
tream hot furnaces, it will not endure the force of the flame,
but totally conſume, Although it be hard, nevertheleſs it ſubmits
to the hammer, and dilates it ſelf into thin Leaves ; it is beſt pre-
ferved by Tar; and although it doth not ruſt like Iron ,
yer
Of ArchiteSure:
yet it hatha kind of ruſt wh ichis called Verdegyeece, eſpecially
If ic touch ſharp and liquid Chings ; of this metal mixed with
Tin, or Lead, or Latten (which is alſo Copper ) and coloured
with Lapis Calaminaris, is made a metal commonly called Braſ*:;
which oftentimes Archite&s do uſc, as in Baſes, Pillars, Ca-
pitels, Statues, and ſuch like, In Rome are four Columns of
Braſſe (at St. Giovanni Lateranno) of which one- only has its
Capitel, and were made, by Augnſtzs, of metal which was taken
from the ſtems of ſhips, which he took in Egype from M. An.
zonio: There remains alſo in Ryme, tothis day, four ancient
gates, which are thoſe of the Rotunda, which formerly was the
Pantheon, That of Sr, Adriano, which was the Temple of S2-
tzrnus; That of St. Coſmo and Damiaxo,which was the Temple
of Caſtor and Pollax, or rather of Romwulxs and Remus; And
that which is in St. Agnes, without the gate Viminalis z But
the moſt beautiful of all theſe, is that of St. Maria Rotunda,
wherein thoſe Ancients did endeavour to imitate by art that
kind of (orinthian metal, in which the natural yellow of Gold
revailed : for we read that when Corinth was deſtroyed and
my (which now is called Coranto) thus they melted and
mixed in one maſs, Gold, Silver, and Copper, and fortune
tempered, and made the mixture of three ſorts, which after.
wards was called Corinthian : In one of them the Silver prevail.
ed, whence it remained white, and very near it in luſtre : In
another the Gold prevailed , and remained yellow, and of a
Gold colour : And the third was, where all theſe three metals
were of an equal temperament; and theſe ſpecies have been
ſince divers wayes imitated, Hitherto I have diſcourſed of
thoſe things ſeeming moſt neceſſary to be conſidered and pre-
pared before building; It now remaines that ſomething be ſaid
of foundations, the materials whereof being prepared, the work
may be proceeded on,
Of ArchneFure,
CHAP. VIL
Of the Qualitics of Ground, wherein
Foundations are to be laid.
T He Baſe of the building is that which we call the Foundati.
on, which is to ſay,the part which is under ground, ophold.
5n2 the reſt of the building thar is above ground ; Therefore of all
the errours which do happen in building, thoſe are the moſt perni«
cious which are committed in the foundation, becauſe they bring
with them the ruine of rhe whole Fabrick , nor can without
oreat difficulry be amended ; Whence the Archirefs ought to
uſe their urmoſt diligence : Becauſe in fome places they have
a natural foundation, and in orher places ir is neceflary to uſe
Arr.
A Natura! Foundation is -— rue ak Stone, aſoft oy
or moldring Stone,or Graveh, for theſe, withour dipging,or other
helps of Art, arc of themſelves excellent hte moſt fir
to ophold the greateſt building both on Land and in Water:Bur
if nature affords not a foumdation,it muſt be atrempred by Arr,
and then the place you have co build on,is either a ſolid carth,or a
gravely, ſandy, moſfe, foft, and mooriſtplace. I the carth be
faſt and firm, you may dig ſo far as toa diſcreer Architet may
ſeem requifite for the quality of the building, and foundneffe of
the carth : and (when you intend not to make Cellars, or other
under-ground Offices) your deprh is co be a fixth part of the
height of the building; To know this firmnefs, obſervation
from the digging of- Wells, Cifterns, and fach like, will help
well; and it's alſo known by Herbs growing there, if they
uſually ſpring up onely in firm and faft grounds and belides,
tis a fignof firm ground, if a great weight thrown thereon, it
neither. ſounds nor ſhakes ; And from the Report of Drums
being (& on the ground , and ligntly touched , it does not
reſound apain , and jif water put in a veſſel doth not ſhake :
The neighbouring places will alſo give you to — _
els
ies Hs IS. PE 6"
Of ArchiteFure.
faſtneſs and firmneſs of the earth : But if the plare be ſandy
or gravelly, obſerve whether it be on land or in water 2 for if ic
be on land, you muſt take notice what hath been before direted,
ing faſt ground ; And if you build in a River , the Sand
and Gravel is altogether uſcleſs, becauſe the water with its
continual ſtream and flood often changes ics bed : Therefore dig
till you come to a bottom ſound and firm ; or if that be difficulc,
dig ſomewhat in the Sand and Gravel, and then place piles
whoſe ends may reach to the ſound and good earth , and upon
thoſe you areto build : But if you are to build upon a mollic,
and looſe ground , then you muſt dig till you find ſound earth,
and therein alſo ſo much as the bigneſs of the walls and the great»
neſs of the building require.
This ſeund ground (and fit to uphold building ) is of divers
ſorts ; for ( as Alberti well faith) ſomewhere {o hard, as is
ſearce to be cut with Iron , (omewhere very ſtiff, ſomewhere black.
iſh, fomewhcre whitiſh C which is accoanted the weakeſt ) ſome=
where like chalk, ſomewhere ſandy ; of all theſe the beſt is that
which is cut with moſt labour , and when wer, doth not diffolve
into dirt,
You ſhould not build upon a ruine or old foundation , if firſt
of all you know not its depth,and whether it be ſufficient to bear
the building ; Bur if the carth be ſoft and finks much , as in
mooriſh grounds, then you mult place piles , whoſe length muſt
be an eighth part of the height of the Wall ,» and in thickneſs
a twelfth part ofthcir length : The piles muſt be placed as cloſe
as one can ſtand by the other, and are to be rammed in with
blows, rather quick then heavy, fo that the carth may the
beuer conſolidate and faſten. You muſt place the piles rot on-
ly under the out-walls, upon the Trench or Gutturs, bu: alſoun-
the inner-walls, which divide the building : for if you
make the foundation for the inner-walls diffe1 ent from thoſe
without, then laying Beams along one by the other, and a-
thers athwart them above; oftentimes it happens , that the in-
' ner-walls fall down , when thoſe without being placed on
piles, tir not : Whence all walls come to cleave , the which
render the building ruinous , and is very uncomely to look on;
Wherefore you mult avoid this danger , making the piling _
C 2 0
Tivrtine, 2
certain Kone
Of ArchiteSure.
of Teſs charge ; for according to proportion of walls, the piles in
the middle may be placed thinner then them withour,
—
CHAP. VIIE
Of Foundations.
_
Oundations ought to be twice ſo thick as the walls to be
raiſed thereon, and therein the quality of the carth, and the
greatneſs of the building is to be regarded , making them more
large in ſoft and loofer ground , and where there is a great
weight to be ſuſtained, The plain of the Trench mult be Level,
ſo that the weight may preſs equally , and not inclining to one
part more then another , may prevent the c'caving of the walls.
For this reaſon the Ancients uſed to pave the plain with Tivere
tine, and we lay Planks and Beams, and build thereon»
Foundations are made ſloping , that is toſay , to diminilh as
they riſe z yet lo, as that there oy be ſo much left on one fide,
as on the other : ſo that the middle of that above may fall per-
pendicularly upon the middle of the lower work, which mult be
alſo obſerved in the diminution of Walls above ground ; becauſe
by this means the building becomes much ſtronger , then by
making the diminutions any other way.
There is ſometimes made ( eſpecially in mooriſh grounds
where there isnecd of piles to avoid charge , Foundations diſ-
continued but with certain Vaults , upon which they afterwards
build. In great buildings *tis very commendable to make vents
through the body of the Walls, from the Foundation to whe
Roof, becauſe they let forth the wind ( which is very prejudicial
ro buildings) leſſen the charge, and are of noſmall convenience,
it in them you make winding ſtairs from the bottom to the top.
Of Architeare.
CHAFIN
Of the Faſhion of Walls.
He Foundations being laid , it remains that we treat of the
Superſtrufture, The Ancients had fix ſorts of Walls ; One
called Reticolata, or Net-work,: anqther of Quadrells, or Brick:
a third of Cement, which is of rough ſtones from the Hills or Ri-
vers: a fourth of varicus ſtones : a fifth of ſquared ſtones : the
ſixth Riempints, which is alſo called Coffer.work, Of the Net-
work there is no uſe at a'l in theſe days ; but becauſe Vitruvius
relates it was common in his time , I do here put alſo that deſign,
They made the Coignes and Corners of their building of Q4-
drells, and every two foot and half took up three Comrſes of Bu4.
drells, which bound the whole thickneſs of the Wall,
A, Coignes, or Corners of Quadrells.
B. Courſes of Quadrells, which bind the. whole Wall,
C. The Net-work,
D. The Courſes of Quadrells, through the thickneſs of the Wall,
E, The inner part sf the Wall made of Cement,
Walls of Brick , or Q#adrells , both thoſe about Cities , and
other great Edifices, mutt be ſo made, that the inſide and outfide
may be of ©«adrells, and in the middle filled up with Cement,
and with brick, earth, and ſtone, rammed together; and to
every three foot in height , there muſt be three Courſes of Q1a-
drells of the biggeſt ſort, which may take the whole breadth of
the Wall. And the firſt Courſe muſt be laid with the length
inward, that the lefſer part of the brick be expoſed : The ſecond, ,
the length laid fade-ways, and the third as the firſt, Of this fore
are the Walls of the Rotunda in Rome, and the Bathes of Diocle»
fian, and all other ancient buildings which are there.
E. The Courſes of Quadrells, which bind the whole IV all.
F. The middle part of the yall made of Cement , between one
Courſe and the other, and the ourward Quadrells, ;
Ths :
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Of ArchiteSlure.
"The Walls of Cement muſt be made fo, that to every two fooe
at leaſt, there be three Courſes of Quaarells or Brick, , And that
the ®uedrells or Brick,, be prepared according to the manner
Rid, Such are the Walls of Tarin in Piedmont, which arc
made of River-pebbles ſplit in the middle , which being placed
with the fplit fide outwards , make very even and ſmooth work,
The Walls of the Areng of Verona are likewiſe of Cement, and
there are three Courſes of Ouadrells to every three foot : And in
like manner are made other ancient Edifices , as appears in my
Books of Antjquitics,
G. Cement or River Pebbles,
H. Conrſes of Quadrells which bind the whole Wall,
The Walls of irreguler ſtoner were fo called , becauſe they
were made of Stones of unequal ſides and Angles , And to make
theſe Walls, they uſed a plumb Rule, which applied to the place
where the Stone was to be put, ſerved to place them ftraight and
even : Thereby to try, time atter time, if the Stone ſtood right
in the deſigned place, Of this fort may be ſeen Walls at Prenifte,
and Ancient ſtreets were paved in this manner.
L Irregular Stones,
At
Of ArchiteJure.
The Walls of Cement muſt be made ſo, that to every two foce
at leaſt, there be three Courſes of Quadrells or Brick ; And that
the ®uedrells or Brick, be prepared according to the manner
aforcſaid. Suchare the Walls of Tarin in Piedmont, which arc
made of River-pebbles ſplit in the middle , which being placed
with the ſplit ſide outwards , make very even and ſmooth work,
The Walls of the Arena of Verona are likewiſe of Cement, and
there are three Courſes of ©uadrells to every three foot : And in
like manner are made other ancient Edifices , as appears in my
Books of Antjquitics,
G, Cement or River Pebbles,
H. Comrſes of Quadrells which bind the whole Wall,
The Walls of irregular ſtoner were fo called , becauſe they
were made of Stones of unequal fides and Angles , And to make
theſe Walls, they uſed a plumb Rule, which applied to the place
where the Stone was to be put, ſerved to place them ſtraight and
even : Thereby to try, time atter time , if the Srone ſtood right
in the defigncd place. Of this fort may be ſeen Walls at Prenifte,
and Ancient ſtreets were paved in this manner.
L Irregular Stones,
At
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At Roh thay be ſeed Walls of ſquared Stones, where was the
jo$24, and the Teniple of Anguftus,in which they Iocked inthe
Tee Stones with Conrſes of greater,
K. Courſes of leffer Stones,
L. Conrſes of bizger Stones,
The manner Riempinta,or filled Walls, which is alſo call-dCof.
fer-work, which the Ancients did uſe ; Taking Planks, and pla-
ing then edge-wiſe, allowing ſo much ſpace as they would have
he thickneffe of the Wall, filling it with mortar, and ſtones of
Il forts mingled together; and fo they went on from Courſe to
purſe, There is ſcen ſuch like Walls at Sermion, upon the
Lake De Grads.
'
M. Plankgs put edge-wiſe,
* NN. The inner part of the Wall.
O. The face of the wall, the Plankgs takyn away,
Of this kind may be called the ancient walls of Naples, which
had ewo walls of ſquared Stones four foot thick, and fix foot
Jiftarit th* one from the other , thoſe walk were bormd top.
ry, with other crofſe Walls, and the Cafer which were
zerween the Traverſe Walls and the Out- Walls were four foot
ware, and were filled up with Stones and Earth,
| Þ, The Outward Stone Wall.
The Tr e Walls.
R. Caſes filled with flmes and Earth,
Theſe were the formes of which the Ancients did ſerve ther-
clves, and the footſteps thereof are yet robe ſeen; whence it
nay be concluded, thar Walls of whac fore ſoever onght- to
zave ſome Tires or Courſes pg which are like finewes: ——_—
.
of Architefinre.
faſt all other parts together , which chiefly may be obſtryed
when Walls are-made of Brick : For the ſtruture through
age falling aſunder in the middle, the Walls may not become
ruinous, as hath hapned, and is ſeen in many Walls, eſpecially
on that {ide which reſpeCts the North,
— —— —
CHAP. X.
.Of the Method which the Ancients did
praftiſe in making their Stone .
Buildings. ;
A
x" + = ge
4 £aEeoais. - c Wy
| ara it happens, that ſometimes buildings are made (the
whole,or good part) of Marble, or ſome other great ſtones;
I thigk it convenient, in this place, to acquaint you what the *2
Ancients did in ſuch caſes ; For we may obſerve, in their work, >
that they were ſo diligent in joining their ſtones together , that
Tf many places their connexion can ſcarcely be perceived. And ©
beſides, the Beauty, Firmneſle, and Duration of the Fabrick,
is very much to be regarded. h,
And for as-much as I can underſtand , they firſt ſquared and 7
wrought the fades of the ſtones which were to be placed. one 5
upon the other, leaving the other ſides rough, and ſo uſed them;
whereupon the edges of the ſtones were beyond the ſquare, and
might manage them better, and more variouſly attempt to ?
po them right without danger of breaking, then if they bad
cen ſquared on all ſides before, For when the edges are made
ſquare, or leſs then ſquare, they are very weak and ſubjcR to
accidents : In this manner they made all buildings rough, or, as
one may ſay, ruſtick z And that being done,they go on working
and poliſhing; the face of the ſtone which is to be ſeen. It is true
that the Roſes whichare between the Modilions, and other ſuch
like ornaments of the Cornich, could not. commodioufly be done
when the ſtones were fixed, therefore they made them while
—
r : they
they were on the ground, This is well atteſted by many an-
cient buildings , where may be ſcen many ſtones rough and un-
poliſhed. The Arch by the old Caftle in Verona, and all other
the Arches and buildings there, were done In the ſame manner ;
which is cafily made our by.one curious in obſerving the marks
of their Tools, thatis to ſay , the manner how the ſtones were
XX wrought. The pillars of Trjer, and Antonine in Rome, were
*X lo made, nor could they otherwiſe have ſo exaftly joyned the
| ſtones, that might ſo cloſely meer where they go croſs the heads,
and other parts of the figures, And the ſame may be faid of the
other Arches which are there.
And if the works were very great, as the Arena of Verona,
the Amphitheatre of Pola , and the like, to fave charge and
=X time , which they would havercquired , they wrought only the
7 Impoſtsof the Arches, Capite'ls , and the Corniches ; and the
'# reſt they left Ruſtick,: having only regard ts the fair front of the
= building. But in Temples, and other buildings, which required
=: curioſity, they ſpared no pains in the working them , nd gla-
©: zing and ſmoothing even the very fluces of the Columns, and
*X- poliſhing them diligently. Therefore, in my judgment, you
*X ſhould not make Walls of Brick in the Ruſtick manner , much
XX lefs Mantles of Chimnies , which require curious work, For
E befides the unhandſomneſs, *ewill happen that they will fplic and
E divide aſunder, which naturally ought to be intire; But accord-
© ing to the greatneſs and quality of the building, you may make
them Ruſtick or Polite : And in a work that requires altogether
neatneſs, we need not doas the Ancients uſed, with Reaſon, and
RB ccellicated by the greatneſs of their works,
Of ArchiteSure.
CHAP. XL.
Of the Diminution of Walls, and of
their parts.
T is to be obſerved, that by how much the higher the Walls
arc, ſo much the narrower they muſt be; Therefore that part
which is above ground is to be one half thinner then the foun-
dation,and the ſecond ſtory a half brick thinner then the firſt;and
fo continue till you come tothe top of the building, but with
diſcretion, that it be not too weak. The middle of the upper
Wall ought to fall dirc& to the middle of the Lower, that (o
all the Walls be in a Pyramidal form, But if you would make
a ſuperficies, or face of a Wall, above, dire&tly over that bc«
low, it muſt-be on the inner part, becauſe the raſtrings of the
Floors, the Vaults, and other ſupporters of the building, may
not ſuffer the Wall to fall or give way. The diſchar rt,
which is on the outſide, muſt be ſupplyed with a Dads or
* Corniche, incompaſling the whole building, which will be an
ornament and faſtning to the whole Fabrick.
The Angles, becauſe they partake of both fides, and areto
keep them upright and faſt togerher, muſt be very flrong, and
held with-loag hard ſtones, as ir were with armes 5 Thereforc
the Windows and Apertures muſt be as far: from them as may
be; orat leaft, ſo much ſpace muſt be left- between the Aperture
and the Angle, as is the breadth of the Aperture,
Having ſpoken of meer Walls, *cis convenient to paſſe to the
ornament*, the greateſt whereof are the Columns when they
= * 4 placed, and have fair proportion to the whole Fa«
L a
Of ArchiteSure.
CHAP. XIL
Of the Five Orders uſed by the Ancients,
I
Ive were the Orders among the Ancients, thatis to ſay, the
Tuſcan , Dorick,, Imick, Corintbian, and Compeſita, which
ought to be ſo difpoſed in the — that the (trongelt be
ſet loweſt ; for then *twill be more capable to bear the weight,
and the building will have a more ſure foundation: Wheretore
they alwayes place the Dorick under the Tozick,, the Jonick under
the Corinthian, and the Corimhian under the Compoſita ; the
Tuſcn, as being rude, ſeldom is uſed above ground, unlefle in a
building of one order onely, as in Town-houſes, or in vaſt build-
ings, as Amphicheaters and ſuch like, where being many orders,
this inſtead of the Dorick is placed under the /onick, and if you
leave out one of them, and place,for example,the Corinthian im-
mediately over the Dorick,, which may be done according to the
Rule aforeſaid, provided alwayes, that the more folid be the
loweſt. - I ſba]l ſet down, particularly, the meaſures of cach of
theſe Orders ; not ſo much according to the Doftrine of Vitru=
vin, as according to my own obſervations in Ancient buildings;
But firſt 1 ſhall ſay thoſe things which belong toall in general,
_— —O— —_—_— — —— _—— ———
CHAP. XIIL
Of the ſwelling of Columns, and their
dininutions ; of Inter-columns
and P illafters.
ics mma of every Order muſt be ſo formed, that the u
per part mult be lefler then the lower, and the middle
ſomewhat thick; In diminiſhing it muſt be obſerved, that by
D
2 how
&
Of ArchiteGure.
how much Tonger the Columns are , fo much the Tefs muſt th
be diminifhed® in regard-that the height. of it ſelf works =
effet of diminiſhing by thediftance* 3 Therefore if the Co'umn
be 15 foot high, the Diametre of the Column below muſt
be divided into 6+ pares »\ and the Diametre- thereof above
ſhall be 5% of thoſe parts. If from 15. to 20, the Dia.
metre below muſt be divided into 7 parts, 'and 6; muſt- be the
thickneſs of the upper part ; So likewiſe thoſe which are from
20, to 30. the Diametre below mult be divided into 8 parts,
and 7, muſt be the Diametre of the upper part, and ſo the Co.
lamns which are higher are to be dimin'ſhed proportionably
by their ſeveral parts , as Pitruvics ſhews in his Second Chapter
ofhis Third Book. But how the ſwelling is to be made in the
middle, we have no more to ſhew from-him then a bare promiſe ,
and therefore many have written varioufly thereof, I am wont
tomake the profile of the ſaid ſwel/ing in this manner; 1 di-
vide the body of the Column into three equal yok , and leave
thelower third part perpendicular , at the end of which I lay
along thin rule as long as the Column, or a little more, and
move that part which reacheth from the third part upwards,
and bend it till the end touch at the point of the diminution,
at the top of the Column under the Ccllarmo or Aſtragal , accord.
ing to that bending I preceed, and ſo the Column becomes
ſomewhat ſwelled in the middle, and appears very handſome ;
And although 1] could not have contrived ( beſides this ) a form
cither ſhorter or more expedient , or that might be more accep-
table; Iam yet more confirm:d in this my opinion, fince it hath
ſomuch pleaſed Pr. Cattanco, that C I having told him of it ) he
hath put it into one of his Works of Archite@ure , with which
he hath not a little 11uftrated this profeſſion,
A. B. Thethird part of the Column which i perpendicular,
B. C. The two thirds diminiſhed.
GC, The point of the Diminution uni er: the Collarins or Aſtragel.
4 OY EO 4
_ pe * Le c —_
- G af f T - LS
» Sx Es <P SI
RS. 7.4.
Of Architefure.
The Inter-Columns, that is to ſay, the ſpaces between
the Columns, may be made of a Diametre, and 4 ot the
Column, and the Diametre is to be taken at the lower part of
the Column, of two Diametres, of two and ;. of three, and
ſometimes of more, But the Ancients were not wont to allow
more then three Diametres of the Column, except in the Tuſcan
Order , in which the Archicrave is wont tv be of wood ; They
made the Inter-columns very large , not Iefſe then a Diametre
and half, and this ſpace they allowed ſometimes , eſpecially
when they made the columns very bigg, But thoſe Inter-co-
lumns were moſt preferred that were of two Diametres, and *
of the Column ; and they accounted this the moſt noble and
beautiful manner of the Inter-columns.
And you ought to take notiee, that between the Tnter-
columns and the Columns , there ought to be proportion and'
correſpondence, for leaving roo much vacancy between (wall
Columns, you will take away great part of their beauty ; be»
cauſe the great quanticy of air that will be between them
will diminiſh very much their thicknefle; And on the contrary,
[caving too little ſpace to the great Columns, by the ſtreight-
nefſe and narrownelle of the ſpaces they will appear pgonty, and
very ungraceſul : Therefore if the ſpaces exceed three Diametres,
you muſt make the Columns in thicknefſe a ſeventh part of
theic height, as I obſerve hereafter in the Tuſcan Ocderz, But
if the ſpaces ſhall be three Diametres, the Iength of the Column
muſt be 75. or eight, as in the Dorick Order; And if 24 the
<p length of the Column mult be gDiametres, as in the Ionick ; If
2,the length of the Culumn muft be 94. as in th: Corinthian,
Laſtly, if 15. the length of the Column muſt be ro. as in tl e
of Compoſita. Concerning thefe Orders, I have took this care, th. e
XZ they may be examples for all other Inter-columns, which Ve
iruvins intimates in the Chapter aforeſaid.
In the front of Buildings, the Columns onght”to- be an even
i number, fo that the middle Inter- column may' be made
bigger then the reſt, that the Doors and Entries may be the
better ſeen, which _—_—_ are placed in the middle ; And thus
much for Pillar- work on
' But if Gallerics be made with Pilkſters, they mult -be fo a
. r oſced,”,
--
v Of Architefure. |
. poſed, that the Pillaſters be nor leſs then a third of the vacan-
cy between Pillaſter and Pillaſter , and thoſe at the corners muſt
be ewo thirds bigger then the other , that ſo the Angles of the
Fabrick may be firm and ſtrong ; And when they are to ſupport
an extraordinary great weight , as in very great buildings, then
they muſt be the half of the vacancy : as thoſe of the Theatre"of
Vicenza , and the Amphitheatre at Caps: or elſe two thirds,
as thoſe of the Theatre of Marcellus in Kome , and of the Theatre
of Oguhas, which now belongs to Sig. Lodovico de Gabrieli, a
Geneleman of that City. The Ancients alſo made them ſome-
times as large as the whole vacant , as in the Theatre of Vercxa,
inthat part which is not upon the Hill, Burt in private buildings,
they are not to be made leſs then a third of the vacant, nor
larger then two thirds, and they ought to be ſquare , But to ſave
charge , and to make room to walk more freely, they my be
madeleſs in the flank then in the front,
And to adorn the Frontiſ-piece , you may put in the middle
of the front half Columnes , or other Pillaſters which may bcar
up the Corniche , which ſhall be upon the Arches of the Gallery,
and they muſt be as large as their height ſhall require, according
to their ſeveral orders, as in the enſuing Chapters and defioncs
may appear ; For the underſtanding whereof (that I may noc
repeat the ſame thing ofcen,) you may underſtand, that I in the
dividing and meaſuring the ſaid Orders, wou'd not take a cer-
tainand determinate meaſure , which is peculiar ro any City, as
Cubit, Foot or Span ; well knowing, that Meaſures are as various
as the Cities and Countrics, But in imitation of Vitravis, who
divides the Dorick, Order with a Meaſure taken from the thick-
neſs of the Column , which is common to all , and by him cal-
led a Module : I will alſo ſerve my fclf with ſuch a Mcaſure in all
the Orders , and the Module ſhall be the Diametre of the
Column , taken at the Bafe, divided into 60 parts; except in
the Dorick ,' in which the Afsdnle is to be the half Diametre of
the Column, and is divided into 3o parts : for ſoit falls more
commodious in the Compartiments of the faid Order, Wherefore
every one may ſerve himſelf ( making the Aſodale greater or lcl-
ſer, according tothe quality of the Fabrick) with the propor.
tions and profiles deſigned convenient to every Order, |
| CHAP.
Xt Q % Tf
R + .
Sat
Of ArchiteFure.
CHAP. XIV.
Of the Tuſcan Order.
| HE Taſcan Order, according to that which Vitruvius
writes of it, and is ſo indeed, is the moſt ſ1mple and intire
of all the Orders of Archite&ure : becauſe it retains the moſt of
Antique, and wants all thoſe Ornaments which rendcrs the
others (o pleaſant and agreeable. This had its Original in
78 a place very remarkable in 1:2/y, whenc: the Name is
derived.
The Column with it's Baſe and Capitel, ought to be in
length ſeven Models, and at the top are diminiſhed a fourth
# part of their Diametre, having occalion of a row of Columns
+ of this Order only, you may make the Inter-co'umnes very
| large ; Becauſe the Architrav:s may be of wood, and will be
= very convenient for Country uſe, for the paſſage in and out of
| Carts, and other Country conveniences z and beſides the charge
22 will be leſs ; But if you make Gates or Galleries with Arches,
® you mult obſerve the Meaſtres that 1 have marked in the delign,
* in which you may obſerve the Stones ſo difpoſed or joined to-
gether, as when the whole work is of Stone ; The which I have
allo dircQed in the d:figns of the other four Orders.
26:
Of Archnelure.
And this way of diſpofing and faftning the Stones, I have
derived from many Ancient Arches, as appears in
Bookes of Arches, and herein I have uſed great ty
gence,
A. Architrave of wood,
B. The ends of the Summers which bear wp the projefiure of the
Cormee,
MO 1P40!
Of ArchiteGinre.
The Pedeſftals which are made under the Columnes cf this
Order muſt be the height of one Model, and made plain. The
height of the Baſe is to be the half Diametre cf the Column.
This height muſt be divided into two equal partsz one is given
to the Orloor Plinth, which muſt be made round ; the other
is divided into four parts z One for the Liſte/ls, or Cindwre,
which may be made a little leſs , and is alſo called Cimbis
and in this Order only is part of the Column, the other three
are for the Totxs, The ProjeGiure of this Baſe is a ſixth part of
the Diametre of the Column below. The Capite! is the
height of half the Diametre of the Column below, and is di.
viced into three equal paris, One is given to the Abaews, v bich
from its form is commonly called Dads, or Dye. The other to
the Owolo, or Echinus, and the third is divided into ſeven parts,
of one is made the Liſtellz under the Orolo, and the other fix re-
main to the Collorino, or neck of the Columne. The Aſtragal
is double, the height of the Liſte//z under the Oxolo, and the
Centre thereof, is made upon the line, which falls plum upon
the ſaid Liſte!l2, and upon the ſame line doth fall the projefture
of the Cimbia, which is as thick as the Liſftel/a. The Projedure
of the Capitel anſwers to the body of the Column below Its
Architrave is made of Wood as high as broad ; and the breadth
ought not to exceed the body of the Column at the top. The
Summers which carry out the Eaves, projeReth a fourth part of
the lengthof the Column. Theſe are the M:aſures of the T#/-
can Order, as Vitruvits teacheth,
A, Abacus
Of ArchiteCnre.
A. Abacns,
B, Echinus:;
C. Hypotrachelium, or frize of the Capnel.
D. Aſtragal,
E, Body of the Column above,
F. Body of the Colun;n below.
G. Annulet Geinfure, or Liſtella,
H. Torcus.
I, Orlo, or Plintb.
K, Pedeſt:l, or Stylobatum.
The Prefiles which are p'aced by the plain of theB ſc and C2.
p:c!, are the Impoſts of the Archee,
bs 4 at
© ACE ORR 2
—_ — — —_— — — ——
[#8 #7 TT a a en ear
LF ||
<O>
Of Architefure.
36
But if they make the Architraves of ſtone, it mnſt be obſcr=
ved, which was ſpoken before of the Inter-columns ; There is
to be ſeen ſome Ancient Buildings , which may be ſaid to be
built according to this Order, becanſe they retain in part the
ſame Meaſures, as is the Arena of Verona, and Theatre of Pola,
and many others; of which I have undertaken the profiles, not
only of the Baſe of the Capitel of the Architrave of the Freze
and of the Cornice, put down in the laſt page of this Chapter,
But alſo thoſe of the Imports of Arches z and of all theſe build-
ings, I ſhall put the deſigns in my Books of Antiquities.
A, Scima Refiia,
B, Corona.
C. Theprojeflure of the Corona, and the Scima Recs,
D, Cavetto,
E. Freze,
F. Archetrave.
G. Cimatium,
H. Abacws.
I. Scima Reda, [7 the Copizel.
K. Hypotracheliznm, or frize of the Capite,
L. Aſtragolus,
M. Body of the Column under the Capitel.
N. Body of the Column below,
O. Annalet, or Cinfure,
P. Torus, or Scima Reverſa.
Q. Orlo, or Plinth of the Baſe.
Over againſt the Archetrave marked F,is the profile or deſign
of an Archetrave very curiouſly wrought,
Ot EO oh ET CENCE.
$4 ; - WS. w "14 FS 9 CT A a
w .
. © o
Of ArchiteJure.
CHAP. XV.
Of the Dorick Order.
HE Dorick, Order had its Original and name from the
Dorians, a Grecian people which dwelt in Aſia; The
Columnes when made fo. without Pilaſters , ought to be
ſeven and a half, or cight Diametres long ; The Inter-columns
are little leſs than three Diametres of the Columnes, And this
manner of placing Columnes, by Vitruvias, is called Dyaſtylos ;
but if they join to Pilaſters, they muſt be together with the
Baſc and Capitel feventcen Models , and one third in length ;
And you muſt- obſerve, that (as I have ſaid before in the 13,
Chapter) the Model in this Order only is the half of the Dia-
-Y metre of the Column, divided into thirty parts; And in all
the other Orders, it is-the whole Dijametre, divided into l1xty
parte,
Amoneſt
CP ————R_L__C ST RR RR AwCCC md
FLAFEFG Ol
_—
—
i ——_——_—_—
pete Tgs's be: 2
Of Archutednre.
Amongſt Ancient Buildings, we ſee no Pedeſtals to this Or-
der, yet ttey are ſcen amongſt the Modern, And if you join
a Pedeſtal tothem, you muſt mak: the Dado of the Pedeſtal a
perte& ſquare z and from it you muſt rake the meaſures of its
Ornament : Therefore it 7 uſt be divided iuto four cqual parts,
the Baſe with its Zocco or Plinth muft be io of them, and the
Cymacinm 07e, to which mult be joined the O-rlo, or Plinth of
the Baſe of the Column. This kind of Pedeſtal may alfo be ſeen
in he Corinthian Order,as at Veron:in theArch which is called
De Lioni.] have ſet down divers Meaſures of defign*, which may
be joined to the Pedeſtal of thi:Order,which are all very agree-
able,and taken fromAntiquity,and are very caretully meaſured.
This Order hath noproper Baſe, wherefore in many Euildings,
you may ſce Columns without Baſes, as in Rome,in the Theatre
of Marcell, in the Temple De 12 Pietz, near to the ſaid Th:a-
tre; inthe Theatre of Vicenza, amd in divers other places, But
ſometimes the Attick, Baſe is joined tothem, which adds very
much to their Beauty, and here is the Meaſure of ir.
The height is the half Diametre of the Column, and is di-
vided into three equal parts, one is given to the Zocco or Plinth,
The other two are divided into two parts, of cne is mae the
Torus (uperiour, and the other which remains is divided into
two, and one is given to the Torws inferiour, and the other to
the Scocia, or Cavetto with its Annulets, Therefore if you di-
vide it into fix parts, of one muſt be made the eFmnulet above,
and of the other that below, and four muſt remain to the Sco-
cis, The froje@ure muſt be the fixth part of the Diametre
of the Column ; The Ceinfixre muſt be the half of the upper
Torws : if it be divided from the Baſe, its projeQure muſt be
the third pare of the whole projeRure of the Bafe. But if the
Baſe and part of the Column ſhall beof one piece, you mult
make the Ceinfiwre ſmall 5 as you may ſee in the third defign of
this Order , where arc alſo two manners of Impoſts of Arches.
G 3 A. Body
Of ArchiteSnre. © |
Az Body of the Colunm,
B, Anmnlet, or Ceiniure,
C. The upper Torws,
D, Scocia with its Annulets,
E, The lower Torus,
F, Plinth, or Zocco,
G. Cimacium,
H, Dado, or Square, of the Pedeſtal.
I, Boſe,
K, Impoſts of Arches,
%"#
ic | \
oO
—_—
—_— l|_ Jl A
EE
4 -,v I; ,
#3 444
# 9 =
ae E020 + Oh E,
& a Re OT <2 L.. Py A 0 \
Of Architeflure.
The height of the Capitel ought to be the half Diametre of
the Column below, and ts divided into three parts ; That
above ſhall be divided into five parts, three ſhall be for the 4-
bacus, and the cther two parts for the Cimatium, the which
muft be ſubdivided into three parts; of one is made the Liftells,
or Annulet, and of the other two, the Scime Rela, The
ſecond part is divided into three equal parts,one is given to the
Anmlet whic? are three,and are equal, the other two which re-
main* to the Ozolo, or Echynus, whoſe projeture is two thirds
of its height. The third principal part of the ſaid Capitel, is for
the Hypotrachelinm, or Frize of the Capitel , given to the
Collarino,The whole proj-Qure is the fifth part of theDiametre
of the Column The Attragal is as high as all the three An.
meletr, and is in projeAure ecual to th: body of the Column
below, The Annmulet or Ceindtare, is half the height of the
Aftragal, the projefture thereof is plum with the Centre of the
ſaid Aftragat.
Upon the Capiret is made the Architrave, which is to be in
heigh; half che thickneſs of the Column , chat is to ſay, one
Medel ; It is divided into ſeven parts, of one is made the Tenia,
whoſe projefture mult be equal to its height. The whole is
divided into fix parts, one whereof is given to the Gutte,the
which ought to be fix in number, and to the Liſtel/a which is
under the Tenes, which is a third of the ſaid Gutte, The reft
is divided into ſeven parts, from the Tenia downwards, three
whereof is given to the firſt Faſcia,and four to the ſecond, The
Frize js in height a Model and half,the breadth of the Trigliph,
is one Model, and its Capitc! is the ſixth part of a Model, The
Trigliph is divided into fix parts, two whereof is given to the
two chanels in the middle, and one to the two half chanels at
the extremitics, and the other three make the ſpaces that are
below the ſaid chanels, The Metopa, that is to ſay, the ſpace be-
tween two Trigliphs ought to be fo broad as high.
The Cornice ought to be in height one Model, and a fixth
part, and is divided into five parts and a half; two whereof is
given to the Covetto and Oxolo; The Cavetto is lefs than
H 2 the
51
52 Of ArchiteCture.
the Ooloz as much as is the Liſtel/a ; The other three and half
is given tothe Corona, and for the Scima Reverſa, and Seims
Reta,
The Corona ought to have in projeure four fix parts of the
Model, and on its plain which looketh downwards , and pro.
jeð forth, muſt have in length fix Gutte , and three in
breadth over the Trig/iphs with their liſts, and over the Metops
certain Roſes,
The Guntte, or bells, anſwer to thoſe which are under
the Tenes, which are made in form like a Bell.
The Cimatinm muſt be an cjght part thicker than the Co.
rona , and is divided into eight parts: two whereof is given to
the Orlo or Liftella, and {1x remains to the Cimatia , whoſe :
projeCtureis ſeven parts and a half, Whereupon the Architrave, K
the Frize, and the Cornice, fall out to be in height the fourth D
part of the length of the Column ; an4 theſe arc the meaſures,
of the Cornice, according to Vitruvins , from whom I have
a little ſwerved , altering the members , and making them a
little bigger:
A, Scima,
ws '$ * , Loew. " _ —_ _
Fw DE DIETS TIT ge) Tk 7.5 - 9
of ArchiteClnre.
A. Scima Rela.
B. Scima Reverſa,
C. Coronna.
D, Omolo.
S Cw.
. e Capitels of the Trioliph.
G, Triglith, 4 oF
H. Aetopa,
L Tenia.
K. Gutte,
L, Prima Faſcia.
M, Seennda Faſcia.
Parts of the Capitcl,
N, Cimatinm,
O. Abacns.
P. Omolo, or Echinus,
Q. Annulets.
R. Hypotrachelium, or Frize,
S, Aſtragal;
T. Liftells, or Ceinflure.
V. Body of the Column,
RX, _ Plain of the Capitel, and the model divided into thirty
arts,
Y. The under part of the Coronns,
_* LY a
A EE En ty ns ee ne S —— U
—— _ ———
ee
— -
—— —_
_ — Cn
———— ——
| —
— ny” —w- oe Es oy” 1 aa Pro.
Of ArchiteCiure.
CHAP. XVI.
Of the Tomick Order.
He Ionick, Order had its Original in Ionia, a Province in
q | Aſia ; and we read, that the Temple of D:ana at Epheſus
was built of this Order : The Columns, with Capitel and Baſe,
are nine models long, and by a model is underſtood the Dia-
metre of the Column below. The Archetrave Frize,and Cornice,
are the fifth part of the height of the Column , In the follows
ing deſign, which is of Columns alone, the Imter-columns
areof two Diametres, and a fourth part. And this is the fair-
eſt and moſt commodious manner of Inter-columns, and by
Vitruvins is called Exſtilios, In the other deſign, which is of
Arches. The Pilaſters are in breadth a third pare of the height
of the Arch ; and the Arches are in height two ſquares,
|
[
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|
|
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af 11 4
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From the mid a
EE RS eG SS GR ee ee SS ee i SE RIS = = ID COT
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P
Of ArchiteFure.
If you put a Pedeſtal to the Columns of the Ion;ch Order
as in the de{ign of the Arches,it muſt be made as high a; half the
bredeth of the light of the Arch , and mult be divided into
ſeven parts and half, of two of th:m ſhall be made the Baſe of
one; the Cimatizm, and four and halt, which remains, ſhall be
for the Dad, or ſquare of the Pedeſtal,
The Baſe of this Order is in thickneſſe half a mode! , and
is divided into three parts; one is tor the Plinth, it's proj-Qure
33 the fourth part of the (aid thickneſle, and conſcquently the
eight part of a model. The other two parts of the Baſe arc
divided into ſeven, of three 1s made the Upper Toru : The other
four are divided again into two parts, one is given to the Srotiz
above, and the other to that below, which ought ro have more
projeure then the other,
The Aſftragals ought to have the eight part of the Scotia ; The
Ceinfture of the Column is the third part of the Torus of the
Baſe; Bur if it be ſo that you make the Baſe joyn with part of
the Column, you mult make the Ceindure mall, as I have
alſo ſaid in the Dorick Order, the Ceintiure hath inprojefture
half the projeQure aforcſaid ; Theſe be the meaſures of the Io-
nich Baſe, according to Vitruvins,
But becauſe in many antique buildings are ſeen to this Or.
der Artick, Baſes, and to me ſeems more agrecable, upon the
Pedeſtal , I have deſigned the Atrick Baſe with a ſmall 7 orws or
Ai\tragal, under the Ceindure, not omiting therefore to make
the defign thereof as Vitravims reacheth us,
The defignes L. are two different profiles for to make the
Impoſts of Arches ; and of cach there is ſet down the Meaſures by
Numbers, which ſhew the parts of a model, as is done in all the
other defiznes ; Theſe Impoſts are in height half as much again
as the thickneſſe of the Pi/lafter which ſupports the Arch,
}
A, Body
Of ArchiteSure.
A. Body of the Column,
B, The Aftragal with the Ceini{ure, which ar» members of the
{ olumn,
C, Upper Torws.
D, The bollow called Scotia.
E. The lower Tor.
F, The Plimb faſtned to the Cymatium of the Pedeſtal,
G. Cymatinm in two formes
H. Dodo, or plain ſquare, of the Pedeſtal,
I. Baſe in two formes,
K., Orlo, or Plinth.
L, Impoſts for the Archers
id ( $f a ANA A A
L
\ j F 37 ay PASA®
Of ArchiteGure.
To make the Capitel, the foot of the Column muſt be divided
into cightcen parts , and nineteen of ſuch parts is the breadth
and length of the Abacws and the halfis the height ofthe Capite!
with theV. qr ug it becomes to be nine parts and a half
high: one and half is tor the Abacus with its Cimatinm, the o.
ther cight remains to the Yoluta, which is made in this manner.
From the extremity of the Cimatinm, within, is placed one of
the nineteen parts, and from the point which is there made, is
let fall a line plumb, which divides the Voluta in the middle,
and is called Catheta; And where the point falls in this line
which ſeperates the four parts and halt above, and the three
and half below , there is made the Centre of the eye of the
Yolutz, whoſe Diametre is one of the eight partsz and from the
ſaid point is drawn a line which interce&s at right Angles,
The Catheta divides the Volzta into four parts, in theeye of
which is formed a ſquare, the bigneſſe whereof is the half Dia-
mcrre of the ſaid eye. The Diagenal lines being drawn in it,
in them are made the points where the fixed foot of the C ompaſs
ist0 ſtand to make the Volats, and they are (computing the
C:ntre of the eye) thirteen Centres 5, as to the Order which
muſt be obſerve in them, it appears by the number placed in
the De::-gn. The Aſtragal of the Column is right againſt the
eye: frhe Voluta, The Volutes are as thick in the middle as is
the projenre of the Oolo or Echinus , which reacheth beyond
the 4bacus, 'o much as is the eye of the Volmta ; the hollow of
the Voluta is even with the body of the Column. The Aſtragal
of the Column turns about under the Voluta, and is alwayes
ſeen: as apprars in the plat-form of the Column ; And tis na-
tura), that ſoſl:-nder a thing as is the Volmtz ſhould give way to
one © hard as is the Aſftragal z and the Veluta is alwayes equal-
ly diſtant from it.
They were wont to make in the Angles of Rowes, of Co»
lumns, or porches of the Tanick, Order, Capitels which had the
Voluta not only in the front, but alſo in that part that making
the Capirel, as they were wont to do, would be the flank ;
Whereupon they come to have the front on two ſides, and are
called Angxlar Capitels; and how they made them, | ſhall de-
moaſtrate in ity Book of Temples,
A, Abacts,
Of Architefure.
| A. Abacs,
B, Hollowes of tbe Volnta,
C. Omolo, or Echinws.
D, Aftragal under the Echinw,
E. (eintiure, or Annulet,
F., Body of the Column.
G. Line called Catbeta,
On the Plat-form of the Capitel of the Column , the ſaid
Members are marked with the ſame Letters,
S, Theeye of the Voluta in alarge form.
Members of the Baſe, according to Vitruviuse,
K. Body of the Columns.
L. CeinGure, or Annulet,
M. Tor, <
N. Scotia prima*
O. Tondino, or Aſtragal.
P, Scotia ſecunda,
Q. Orho, or Plimth,
R. Projetture of the Baſe,
4 The
Of ArchiteGure.
The Architrave, Frize, and Cornice, make ( as I have ſaid )
the fiſth part of the height of the Column, and the whole is
divided into twelve parts; The Architrave four , the Frizc
three, and the Cornice five : the Architrave is divided into five
parts, of one is made the Cimatium , and the reſt are divided
into twelve, three are given to the firſt Faſcia, and its Aftragal,
four tothe ſecond and its Aſtragal, and five to the third,
The Cornice is divided into ſeven parts, *. two are given to
the Scotia and Onelo, two the Modilions, and the }. to the
Coronna, and Scima Retta, and projeRteth forwards as much as
its thickneſle,
| have deſigned the Front, the Flank, and the Plat-form of
the Capitel, the Architrave, Frize, and Cornice, with their
convenient Sculptures,
A, Scims
76
Of ArchiteSure ; .
A. Scima Refs,
B. Scima Reverſs.
C. Coronns,
D, Cimatinm of the Modilions.
E. Modiliazs,
F. Ozolo,
G, Cavetto.
H. Frize,
I. Cimatium of the Architrave,
K. L. M, Are the firſt, ſecond, end third Faſcia,
Members of the Capitel,
N.. Abacus,
O. Hollow of the Voluta,
P. Owolo, or Echinus,
Q. Aftragal of the Column,
R. Body of the Column,
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Of ArchiteFure.
CHAP. XVIL
of the Corinthian Order.
T Corinth a noble City of Peloponeſe, or Mcree, firſt of all
was found the Order which is called Corinthian, which is
more adorned and beautified then any I have yet treated on.
The Columnes are like the Ionick, and with the Baſe and
Capitel joyned to them, they are nine models and a half long.
If you make them fluted, they muſt have 24 flutes or channels,
which muſt be made halt ſo deep as broad : the plains or ſpaces
between one flute and the other muſt be a third part of the
breadth of the ſaid flutes. The Archetrave Frize and Cornice,
area fifth part of the height of the column; In the deſign |
of Columns alone, the Inter-columns are two Diametres, as is ||
the Portal of St. Maria Rotunda in Rome, and this form of
Rowes of Pillars, is by Vitruvixs called Syſtylos, And in that of |
Arches, the Pillaſters are of two parts of five of the light of the | |
Arch ; and the light of the Arch is in height two ſquares and |
halfthe thickneſfſe of the Arch being comprehended,
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Of Archite&ure.
The Pedeſtal under the Corinthian Column muſt be in height
a fourth part of the length of the Column, and being divided
into eight parts, one is given to the C Imatium, two to its Baſe
and five remaines to the Dads, or plane of the Pedeſtal, The
Baſe mult be divided into three parts,two for the Zocco or Þlinth
and one to the Cornice, "
The Baſe of the Column is the Arttich , but in this
ſers from that which is put to the Dorick O
jcAureis the fifth part of the Diametre of «
in the Dorick it is the ſixth part ;
parts, as may be ſeen in the def;
Impoſts of the Arches, the which j
the thickneſle of the Membrette, that is to
bears up the Areh,
Of Architedure.
A. Body of the Column,
B, Ceinfiure and Aſtragals of the Column,
C. The upper Toru,
D, $ cotia with the Aftragal-s,
E. The lower Torws,
F, Orlo, or Plinth of the Baſe faſtned to the ('imatium if th;
Pedeſtal.
G, Cimatium,
H. Dado or plain, of the Pedeſtal,
I, Corenna of the Baſe,
K; Orlo, or Plinth of the Baſe.
The Impojt of the Arch is at the ſide of the Calnmn,
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Of ArchiteFure.
The Corinthian Capitel ought to be as high as the thickneſſe
of the Column below, and a ſixth part more which is allowed
to the Abacus ; The reft is divided into three epual parts, the
fiſt is given to the firſt leaf, the ſecond to the ſecond ; and the
third is divided again into two, and of that part next the A-
bacw is made the Caulicol: with the leaves, which ſeem to ſup-
port them whence they grow ; And therefore the ſtalk from
whence they grow muſt be made thick, and in their foldings
muſt diminiſh by little and Iittle : The cxample hereof is taken
from plants, which are bigger at the root then at the extre-
mity of the branches. The Bell which is the body of the Ca.
pitel under the leaves, ought to be dire to the bottoms of the
flutes of the Column.
To make the eAba:ws, that it may have a convenient Projc-
ure, make the ſquare AB CD. each ſide wherect muſt be a
Model and halt, and the Diagonal Lines muſt be drawn in it
from one Angle to the other , and where they interce each
other in the point E. which is the middle and centre of the ſaid
ſquare ; The fix'd foot of the Compas mult be placed, and to-
wards cach Angle of the ſquare muſt be marked a Mode! ; and
where the points FGHI. are, the :tincs muſt be drawn ,
which interccAts at right Angles with the ſaid D1aconals, and
that they may touch the ſides of the ſquare in LEMN O. Theſe
ſhall be the bounds of the Projc&wre, and how much the length
is, ſo much ſhall be the bredth of the hornes of the Abacus.
The Curvature,or hollowing of the Abacus,is made by laying a
long a thred from one horn to the other which is from the point
L. to the point N, then from the ſaid points,draw two Arches of
Circles, then ſet in one foot of the Compas in the interſeRion at
the point P, with the other deſcribe the Arch , which will make
the hollowing or curvature of the 4ftragal of the Column, and
is ſo made that the tongues of the leaves toucheth it, or rather
advanceth a little beyond, and this is their Projedure. The Roſe
qught to be as large as the fourth part of the Diametre of the
Column at the foot : The Archetrave , Frize and Cornice, (as 1
have aid ) are tobe a fifth part of the height of the Column,
and the whole is to be divided into twelve parts,as inthe Ionick
But here is the difference; in this the Cornice is divided into cight
N 3 parts
94
Of Architeure.
parts and half, of one is made the Intabliment, of the other the
Denticsli, of the third the Owolo , of the fourth and fifth the
Modilions, and of the other three and half the Coronns, and the
Scima, The Cornice hath as much Projedure as it is high, the
Coffers or places of the Roſes that go between the Xodilions
muſt be ſquare, and the Modilions as big as half the plain of
the ſaid Roſes, The members of this Order have not been
marked with Letters as the foregoing, becauſe by them theſe
may cafily be underſtood.
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Of ArchiteGure.
CHAP. XVIII.
Of the Compoſita Order.
He Compoſite Order, which is alſo called Rimen, becauſe
it was an Invention of the Ancient Romany, and is ſo called
becauſe it partakes of two of the aforeſaid Orders; And the
moſt Regular and Beautiful is that which is compounded of the
Jonick, and Corintbien , It is more lender then the Corinthian,
and may be made like it in all parts, except in the Capite!.
Theſe Columns ought to be in length ten Models; In the
deſigne of Columns alone, the Inter-columns are one Diametre
and a half, and this manner is called by Vitrwvias Picnoftilos, In
thoſe of Arches the Fillafters are half the light of the Arch,
and the Arches arc in height under the Vault two ſquares and
ws 4 that is to ſay, two Diametres and half of the light of the
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Of Archite&ure.
And becauſe (as L.have ſaid) this Order ought to be made
more neat and ſlender then the Corimbian, Its Pedeftal is ro be
the third part of the height of the Column, and is divided into
cight parts and half z of one part is madethe Cimatinm of the
Baſe, and five and half remaines to the Deds or Plintb of the
Pedeftal ; The Baſe of the Pedeſtal is divided into three parts,
two is given to the Zoccoor Plinth, and one to its 7irws with its
Cimatium:
The Baſe of the Column may be made Attick as in the Co-
rintbian, and it may alſo be compounded cf the Attich and
the Þ nick, as appears in the defign. The Prifile of the Impoſt
of the Arches, isby the fide of the plaine of the Pedeſtal, and
its height is as much as the thickneſs of the Membrerto,
107
|
|
Of ArchiteFure.
The Capitel of the { ompeſira Order hath the ſame meaſures
as the Corizthien, but it differs from it in the Voluta, Onolo,
Fuſarolo, or Fuſe, which are members attributed to the Ionick ;
and the way of making it, is thas : from the Abacns downwards,
the Capitel is divided into three parts,as in the Corinthian:The
firſt is given to the firſt leaves, the ſecond to the ſecond,and the
third to the Volmta , which is made in the ſame manner, and
with the ſame points with the which the Ionick is faid to be
made, and takes up ſo much of the Abacw-, that it ſeemes to
grow out of the Oxoloneere the flowers which are put in the
middle of the Curvatures of the ſaid Abacws, and is as thick
in the front , as the breadth of the homes thereof and a little
more : The Owolo is as big as three parts of five of the Abacas,
and its Jower part begins right agairſt the lower part of the eyc
of the Voluta, It hath in Proje@are 3. parts of its height, and
is with its Projedure perpendicular to S hollow of the Abacws,
or a little more;
The Faſe is a third part of the height of the Oxole, and hath
in Projc@&ure ſomething more then the half of its thickneſle, and
turnes about the Capitcl under the Volnta, and is alwayes ſeen.
The Gradetten, or Moulding, which goes under the Fuſe, and
makes the Orlo of the bell of the Ca ite], is the half the Fuſe :
The body of the bell anſwers dire with the bottom of the
flutes of the Column ; of this ſort I have ſeen one at Rome, from
which ſort 1 have drawn the ſaid Meaſures, becauſe it appeared
to me very beautiful, and well ordered.
There are Capitels made after another manner, which may
be called Compoſits, of which ſhall be diſcourſed, and the figures
thereof ſhall be put in my Books of Antiquities.
The Archetrave, Friſe and ( ornice, are the fifth part of the
height of the Column, and their Compartiments may be well
known by that which hath been ſaid before in the other Orders,
and by the numbers placed in the defigne.
Q CHAP,
113
bl
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_—_——
Guy
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| * Of ArchiteFinre.
CHAP. XIX.
"Of Pedeſtalls. |
'Titherto I have diſcourſed ( what to me ſeemed convenient)
H of. Walks and their Orfiaments ; and in particular, touch-
ing the Pedeſts/s which may be applied to every Order ; But
becauſe it appears that the Ancients had-not a regard to mak:
the Pedeſtal bigger for the one Order then for another, although
this part much adds to the Beauty and Ornament, when it is
made with diſcretion and proportion to the other parts; To
the end that the Archice&s may- take notice and ferve them.
ſelves upon occaſion, and know that they made them ſometimes
ſquare, that is to ſay, as long as broad, as in the Arch Di Lion,
at Verona, And theſe I have affigned to the Dorick, Order, be-
cauſc it requires Solidity ; Sometimes they are made taking the
meaſure from the Hght of the Arch, as in the Arch of Tits at
Sanfta Maria Nova in Kome, and in that of Trgjen on the gatc
of Ancona, where the Pedeſtal Is half the height ofthe light of
the Arch $ and of thatkind of Pedeſtal 1 have.put to the Ionich,
Order ; and ſometimes they took the meaſure from the heighe
ofthe ColamF,. as is ſcen at Suſs, a City e at the foot of
the Mountain which divides Italy from France , In. an Arch
madeto the honor of 4 Geſar, and;in the Arch of Pola, a
= Dalmatis,and in t Amphirhcare of Rome; In the Ionick
Corinthian Order , inf which buildings the Pedeffat is the
fourth part%of the height of the Column , -as I have made in the
Corinthian Order. In Perons, in the Arch Di Caftel' Vecehio,
which is very beautiful, the Pedeſtal is a third of the height of the
Column; I have put in the Compoſira Order ; And theſe are
the handſomeft forms of Pedeſtal, and have the beſt proporti-
on with-rheir other parts : And when Vitruvigs diſcourfing of
Theatres makes mention of the Poggio, you may know that the
+: Poggio
Of ArehiteGure.
Poggio is the ſame with the Pedefls!, which is the third of the
length of the Column put for Ornament of the Scene ; But of
Pedeſtals which exceed a third of the Column, ſuch arc ſeen at
Rome in the Arch of Conſtantine, where the Pedeſtals are two
parts and half of the height of the Column ; And almoſt in all
the Ancient Pedeſtals, the Baſes arc obſerved to have been made
ewice as big as the Crmaeium, as is ſeen in my Book of
Arches,
CHAP. X X.
Of Erronrs.
Aving ſet down the Orhaments of the ArchiceQure, that is
roſay,the Five Orders, and ſhewed how they are madc
and laid down, the Profrles of each of thgir parts, which 1 found
that the Ancients did obſerve ; It ſeems tg me nat unfit hereto
acquaint the Reader of ma abuſcs, which bcing brought in
by the Barbarous, are yt obſerved , to the end thas the fludious
in this art may them in theirs own Workes, and under-
{tand them in others.
| ſay then,that ArchiteAure (© Miter arts arc ) being Imi-
tatrix of Nacure, accormts nothipg tollerable which is cftranged,
and differs from that which ts natural : Wherefore we ſee that
thofe Ancient Archite&s who bullet with Timber, when they be-
pan to build with tone , dire&ted that: the Columns might
lefle at the top then at the foot, taking example from Trees,
which are all Ieff2 at che top then in. the trunk and near the
root; Likewiſe becauſe it js very convenient that thoſe things
upon which any great weight is put ſhould be prefled, under
the Column they put a Be, which with their Torws and Scotia,
ſecm
Of Architeiave.
ſeem by the burthen over them to be (yelled, fo alſo in the Corni.
cs,they bring in the Triglifes, Modiglions,and the Denill; which
ſhould repreſent the heads of the Joices, which in the ſealing are
placed to bear up the Roof, The ſame may be obſerved in all
other parts,"if you are curious : "And being (o, you cannot but
blame that form of building whith © Sew from that which
Nature inftrukethy and from that fimplicicy which is dire&ed
in things by her produced, framing ( as it were) another nature,
and departs from che true,good and handſome manner of build.
ing; For which reafon you ought not (Inſtead of Columns
or Pill aſters, which are to bear up fame great weight ) to place
Cartonches, which are certain Scroles, which to the imtclligent
lcem deformed, andto thie ighnorantrather confuſion then plea-
lure, nor da” they other *eftcts, then incrceſe the
charge of the Builders. Likewiſe you malt not make any ot
thoſe Cartomebes- come outrof the Gornice, for it is requiſite that
all che parts of-che Cornice be made ed: tbme end, and to make
appear what ft would be if the work were framed of Timber.
And belides, being it is convenient that ro uphold a great
weight ſomthing ſolid and fie to (apport that weight be re-
quired , queſtionlefſe thoſe Cartowebes are altogether ſuper-
fluous, becauſe it is impoſſible that any Timber whatever
could really perform what theſe ſeem, for feigning it (elf to
be ſoft and gentle, I know not by*what rule they put them
under any thing heavy #nd hard. But that which ( in my
opinion ) imports much, is the abuſc in making Frontiſpieces
of Doores, Windowes and GCallerics, divided in the middle,
becauſe they were made ro defend the inhabicants from rain ; 1
«now nothing more contrary to natural reaſon, thento divide
and open thagparet which the Ancients mſtrufted, by necefſity it
(c!t did make whole, and raiſed mthe middle, to (hew that it
vught to ſexve to defend the inhabitants of the houſe , and
thoſe that enter therein, from Rain, Snow and Haile, And al-
though Varicty and -Novelty ſhould pleaſe all, yer we arc nor
t0 go againſt the precepts of Art;and that which Reaſon demon-
ſtrates Whence we ſce that althongh the Ancients did vary, yet
never departed from the general and neceflary Rules of Art, as
may be ſeen in my Book of Antiquities: Alſo concerning the pro-
2 jeure
124
Of ArchiteGture.
JeAure of the Cornice and other Ornaments, 'tis no ſmall abuſ+
in making them come too forward, becauſe when they exceed
that which according to Reaſon is fit for them , eſpecially if
they be in a cloſe place they ſeem narrow, and unccmely,
and put fear in thoſe which Rand underneath , threatning al.
wayes to fall, you ought as'much to avoid making the Cornice
Arora to-the-Column, putting great (orvices upon
little Columns, or upon great Columns little Cornices, who
doubts but that ſuch a building will ſcem very ill favoured, Be-
ſides, to make the Columns ſeem to be of ſeveral parts, making
rings and wreathings about them, as it were to hold them toge.
ther , ought as much as may be to be avoided ; becauſe how
much the more intice and ftrong the Columns appear, ſo much
the more they perform the delign farmwhichthey arc placed,
which is to render the work above ſecure and firm, Many other
like abuſes might be.reckoned up,, as of fome members which
in the Cornices are made diſproportionable to the other, which by
what | have ſhewed before, and by that which is now ſaid,
may be cafaly known ; it remains now to come to the diſpoting
of the particular and principal parts ofche building,
— —_ Crooou =o <—_ AS —_———
CHAP. XXL
Of Galleries, -Entries, Halls, Antt-
Chambers and Chambers, and of
their proportions.
Alleries, for the moſt pare, are wont to be made on th:
wings and {ides, or on the front ; They ſerve for many ac-
commodations ; as Walking, Eating, and other Divertiſcments,
and they are made bigger or leflee, according to the greatneſl:
and conveniency of the building ; But ordinarily, they ought
n0”
y
|
Of ArchiteGinre.
not to have leſs then 16. 18. and 20, foot in breadth , and in
great buildings unto 24. and their length at leaſt five times their
breadth, fix, ſeven, or cight times at moſt.
ExamPple.
Let AA repreſent a Gallerie, the breadth whereof is AB;
you mult give it in length five times its breadth unto the num-
ber marked 5zor {1x times unto the number 6 ; or ſeven times un-
to the number 7; or laſtly, cight rimes untoche number 8, which
is the greateſt length allowed to Galleries,
* -TIECGTIOGH 2 WE 128 ;
+ oet- ts tit 26 f OF
And beſides, © every Houſe well compoſed ought to have in
the middle and chicfeſt part ſome place , tothe which all the
other parts of the houſe may relate and appertain ; which place
vulgarly is called Entry, Lobby, or Paſſage it ic be below , and
the Hall, if it be above ; and is in the Houſe as a common place,
forit ſerves to entertain thoſe who attend the Maſters going
forth to falute him and negotiate wich him ; and ſuch places are
the firli part of the Houſe that preſent themſe]ves to thoſe that
would enter therein, - The Halls (erve for Feaſts, Nuptials
and Banquets, ro Act Comedics, and to take other ſuch like
pleaſures and enjoyments; Therefore it.is, that theſe places
ought to be greater then other, and of a Capacious form, to the
end that many perſons may commodiouſly be there entertained,
and behold what is done.
Of the propertion which the Halls onght to have.
rt, I havenot been accuſtomed to allow to the
or twice and +. or
a third
As for my pa
length of Halls lefſe then twice their breadth,
125
hs : ; 3
FRI bw ,
Of ArchiteGiure.
a third part-of the breadth at moſt, And to great buildings you
may allow the length to be three times the breadth, whereupon
they will be ſo much the more beautiful and convenient,
Example,
Let A Arecpreſent a Hall, the breadth whereof is A B, having
24 foot, within the work you may' allow the length, twice the
breadth unto the number marked 2, to wit, 48 footin length,
for 24 foot in breadth, or twice the breadth, and 5. more unto
the number marked 25. to wit, 54 foot long for 24 foot broad,
or twice the breadth, and 4, more unto the number marked 2;,
to wit, 56 foot long for 24 foot broad ; or laſtly, to great build.
ingachc Ha// may have in length three times the breadth, unto
the number marked g. to wit, 72 foot Tongfor24 foot broad.
A wy —_—_——
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|
The Anti=Chambers and Chambers ought to be fo divided,
that they may fall on each fide of the Entry and of the Hal! and
you mult take heed that thoſe on the right hand may anſwer
and be cqual tothoſe on the left ; to the end, that the building
may be on one fide ason the other, and the walls bear equally
the burden of the roof,
Of tbe proportions of Anti-Chambers,
A well proportioned 4nti.Chamber ought to have in length the
Diagonal line of the ſquare of the breadth, or the breadthand ;,
at moſt, ; E xample
Of ArthiteFure.
E xample bf the firſt bigrteſſe for Anti-chambers,
Let ABCD be a ſquare, whereof cach fide is 24 foot, and
the Diagonal line thereof being drawn A C, the ſame length that
the Diagonal is of, you muſt give to the fafd Anti=Chamber from
A unto E, and from D unto Fin this manner,
The Anti=Chamber will have 34 foot in length, te 24 foot
in breadeh,
Exam-
Of ArchiteGure. -
Example of the ſecond-bigneſs of Anti«Chambers,
Let AB CD beaſquare, of which carh (ide is 24 foot as be-
force, add to thedaid A B, D'C the half their length , to wit,
i 2 ſoot fromBtoF, and from C to G, you ſhall make the
Anti-Chamber, 36 footin length to 34 foot in breadth,
Of the Proportion of Chambers.
* As for the Chambers, you may make thereof five forts and
proportions ; for they are either ſquare, or they may bein length
their breadth with an-cighth part, a ſeyenth, a ſixth, or a fifth
part above their breadth.
Exam f le
Of Architeeure.
Example of 1be Firſt bigneſſe of Chamberr,
| dthe
Let A B C Dbe a perſe&ſquare, of which the 4 fides an
4 angles may be ihe), this ſhall be the bignefle of the Chamber,
AL
7...
Example ofs the Second,
Let ABCD be a ſquare, whereof each ide is 24 foot, you
may divide one of the ſaid {ides into $ equal parts, whereot cach
may be 3 foot, add one of the ſaid parts to the de A B and
continue it to E, and as much to the fide D C, continue it to F
and you will make the Chamber 27 foot long to the 24 foot
broad,
237%44S678 |
i — Vw
27
_
C4
Examf le
129
—
Of ArchiteSure.
Example of the Third,
Let A B C D be a ſquare, as before, of 24 foot; to each
fide, divide the fide of A B into ſeven equal parts, add to
it one, continuing the ſame to E, and the fide D C unto F,
the aid Chamber will have 27 foot 5 inches and + part in
length to 24 foot in breadth,
Example of the Fourth.
Let ABCD, as before, be a ſquare, having to cach ſide 24
foot ; dwide one of thefides, as A B into fix equal parts, add
thereunto one of the ſaid parts, drawing the ſaid fide unto E,and
D C untoF, you will make the Chamber 28 foot long to 24
foot broad,
A. EDY B_E
I 23456
28
=
+
©
®
of ArebiteGare.
Example of the, Fifth and loſt bigneſſe of Chambers,
Let the ſquare A B CD be, as before, each fide thereof to be
24 foot , divide one of the fides into five equal parts, add one
of the (aid parts drawing the fide A Bunto E, and DC unto F,
you will make the Chamber 28 foot 9 inches, and Z;in length
to 24 foot in breadth, ;
A
Of Archiwedhure.
CHAP. XXII.
ef Of Floores and Saperficies, of Departe-
"=ments, Planchers, and Flat Scclings,
Frer having ſeen the formes of Galleries, Halls, Ani.
A Chambers and Chambers , it is ncedful to diſcourſe of
Þ loores or Superficies, of Departements, Plachers, and Flat Seel.
ings.
* loores or Superficiesr, may be of ſquaretyles or hard ſtone,
or of Marble, or ſmall ſquares of Carpenters work , and may
be made of divers forts, -and divers colours, according to the
variety of the materials , which renders them very agrecable
to the eye: In lodging-Chambers- they arc (cldom made of
Marble or other hard ftone, becauſe in the Winter they will
be too cold ; But in Galleries, or other publick places , they
will agree very well,
This ſort of Flooers of ſmall ſquares of Carpenters work, , may
be ſcen at Semerſet-Houſe , of which, being a novelty in England,
4 thought gaod to preſent the Deſign thereof, slthough not in my 4u-
thor, |
|
|
|
%.
_— ——
\
\
F
-—— WO
Of drehitenre. ©
You muſt take heed that the Hall , Anti-Chambers , and
Chambers , "which are of che Game Rtory, may have all the
Floores.or Pavements <qual in ſuch manner , that the threſholds
may not be higher then che reſt.
The Plancbers are alſo made of divers wayes, for fome there
are that" take pleaſure to make them very handſome of well
hr Joiſts, where you may take notice that rhe Joiſts mult
be diſtant the one from the other ,"the thickneſlc of a Jcift and
haff, and ſo the ſecling will be very handſome : And there will
be ſo much wall berween the ends of the Joiſts, as will be (ufh-
cient to bear up the wall about it ; Whereas if they ſtand wider
one from the other , it will be very ill favoured ; and if cloſer
will be asa dividing of the upper wall from the lower z and if
the Joiſts rot or be conſumed with fire , the wallof neceſſity
mult be ruined,
Others will have Compartements of Plaiſter, or wood,inrich-
ing them with piures and gilded work, and beautific them ac-
cording to their various humours z Wherefore in this there can
be given no certain and determinate rules.
CHAP. XXIEL
Of the height of Halls, Anti-Chamboers,
and Chambers
Alls, Anti-chambers , and Chambers , are made cither
4. arched or flat: if 'you make them flat, divide the breadth
into three parts, and two of thoſe parts ſhall be the height
of the Story, from the floor to the Joiſt,
Exaim-
135
+ Of drebiveblure, \_
Ex.mmple of the firſt bright of Hall, Anti-Chamber:,
and Chamber ff
Let the figure M repreſent the Chamber whoſe height you
would find, which ſuppoſe to have in breadth 24. foot within the
work, which ſhall be divided upon the line A B,-into three
cqual parts with points, where is marked thenumbers 1 2 3, cach
part being eight foot, two of cach parts ſhall be the height of the
Chamber, to wit, 16, foot from the Floore to the Joiſt.
And if you would have it higher, the breadth muſt be divided
into ſeven parts z takethereof fire, which will give the height,
Of Archite&ure. "= 37
Exemple of the ſecond height]
Let the figure 'N be of the ſame breadth as the foregoing, to
wit 24 foot within the work, which all be divided upon the
line A B into ſeven equal parts , take thereof five to make the
height of the Story A C, and BD, the ſaid height will be 17
foor 2 inches, from the Floore unto the Joifts,
C
« D
J.- N y
þ N |
a
3 y thL |
a
= I
Z 1. Bredth 2.4 IM
— OEY 1 f — a _ K !
#6 39
Or divide the faid height into 4 parts, and three of thoſe
parts will likewiſe give a greater height,
” Exam.
Of drchiteAnre.
E xample of the third beight, yet higher,
Let the figure O be of the fame breadth as the former, to
wir of 24 foot within the work, which ſball be divided upon
the line A B, into four equal parts, three thereof you muſt take
for the height of the Story, ſo it will be of 18 foot from the
Floore tothe Joift.
3
Q
i | —__—— ”
CHAP. XXIV.
Of the Proportiqn of the height of Chambers
of the ſecond Story.
T= height of Chambers of the (ſecond Story ſhall be a
ewelfth part leſſe then the Chambers below
Example of the beight of the Second Story in the
| Figure marked M.
Be it, as it is ſaid in the Figure marked M, its firſt Story of 16
foot , from the Floore tothe Joiſt,, divide the aid 16 foot into
twclve
Of Architeflure.
wel | take eleven which will make 14 foot 8 in-
oe te helght of the ſecond Story, from the Floore to the
Joiſt,
Example of the Second Story of the Figure marked N,
Beit, as it is ſaid in the Figure marked N, ies fieſt Story of 17
foot 2 inches high, from the Floore to the Joiſt; divide the
aid 17 foot 2 inches into twelve equal parts, take thereof 11,
which will make 15 foot 7 inches, tor the height of the ſecond
Story from the Floore to the Joilt,
Example of the beight of the ſecond Story of the Figure O
Be it, as it is aid in the Figure O, its firſt Story of 18 foot
from the Floore to the Joi ivide the ſaid 18 foot into twelve
equal parts, take thereof 1 1, which will make 16 foot and + for
the height of the ſecond Story from the Floore to the Joilt,
CHAP. XXV.
Of the Propertion of Halls, Anti-Cham-
bers, and Chambers, of the ferſt
Story which are Arched,
| þ+ prnng the Hall, Anti-Chambers, and other Rooms
ot tne firft Story may be arched, whereupon they will be
much more handſome, and lefle Gbje& ro fire : Their height is
made « ry the breadth into fix parts, and thereof take
hive, which will give the height that it ought to have from the
Floore or Superficies unto the bottom of the key of the Arch.
T3 Example
Of ArchiteSure.
E xample of the firſt beight of Halls Anti-Chambe
F Chambers, which are Arched. oO
Let the Figure marked A be of. 24 foot in breadth
lefſe, and be divided into fix c<qual parts, take —_ five,
which will make ic 20 foot high, from the- Floor unto: the
bottom of the key of the Arch.
And if you would have one higher , you muſt divide the
faid breadth into eight parts, and' ſeven thereof ſhall be the
height,
Of Architeure.
Example of tbe ſecond beight,
Let the Figure B having the ſame breadth as the former of
:4 foot within the work, be divided into eight equal parts,
ind take thereof ſeven which will make 21 foot for the height
Fom the Floore unto the bottom of the key of-the Arch,
Breath — 1
1 LEAD © fi
J 234 678
+\nd if you divide the ſaid breadth into 12 parts, you maſt
take thereof 1 x which will make it higher.
Example of the third yet bigher,
Let the Figure C be of 2
01 4 foot broad within the work, as the
mm To 24 __ into 12-c<qual parts, take thereof 11
oot in height.
of the keyof the ; pa | cight, from the Floere into the bottom
> =Y
Gy —2
SHES
_ =?
Breod#h —
Of ArchiteSture.
CHAP. X XVI.
Of tqe Proportion of the height of Cham-
bers of the ſecond Story.
T*He (bambers of the ſecond Story mult be raiſed a fixth part
: A lefſe then the Chambers below.
Example of the beight of the ſecond Story of the
Figure marked A.
Be it, as itis (aid in the Figure marked A, its firſt Story of
20 foot in height, From the Floore unto the bottom of the key
of the Arch, divide the faid 20 foot into fix equal parts, take
efereof five which will make the ſecond Story 16 foot cight
;nches from the Floore to the Joilt,
Example of the beight of the ſecond Story of the
Figure marked B
Be it, as it is ſaid in the Figure - its firſt Story of twenty
and one foot in height, from the Floore unto the bottom of
the key of the Arch, divide the ſaid 2x foot into fix qual parts,
rake thereof five, which will make the ſecond Story 17 foot 6
taches in height, from the Floore unto the Joiſt.
Example of the height of the ſecond Story
of the Fignre marked C.
Be it, as it is ſaid in the Fignre marked C, its firlt Story is of
22 foot in height, from the Floorc unto the bottom of the key
of the Arch, divide the ſaid 22 foot into 6 equal parts, take
thercof five which will make che ſecond Story 18 foot 4 inchess
in height, from the Floore unto the bottom of the key of the
Arch.
CHAP.
Of Architefqure.
CHAP. XXVIL
Of the Proportion of the third Story.
F you would make above the ſecond Story, an Attique or
Tali Story : The ſecond muſt alwayes be divided into twelve
equal parts , nine whereof will give the height of the third
Story, from the Floore unto the bottom of the Joiſt,
In the building of Chambers you ought to have regard as well
tothe place of the bed, which is uſually ſix or ſeven foot ſquare,
and the paſſage, as well as to the ſcituation of the Chimney,
which for this confideration ought not to be placed juft in the
middle, butdiſtant from it about two, or two foot and ;,to
the end it may make room for the bed, and by this means the
inequality is little diſcerned if ir be not in buildings,the breadth
at leaſt of 24 fooe within the work ; And ' in this Caſe it may be
placed juſt in the middle.
CHAP. XXII.
Of the height of Galleries.
He lower Galleries muſt be as high as the Halls, Anti-
Chambers and Chambers of the firſt Story, to the end that
one may enter therein on cven ground, which is to be under-
food then, when the ſaid lower Galleries hath the ſame framing,
which the aid Halls, Anti-Chambers, and Chambers, whoſe
Floores ought ordinarily to be raiſed higher then the ground- -
work of the Court about two foot at leaſt, or of three or four
foot; And is aſcended by ſteps, which ought not to have more
then fix inches in height, nor effe then four, and in breadth :
one foor, or at the moſt 15 or 16 inches, "A
o
Of drchiteGnre.
But if the Galleries be made all open , fo as they enter intoit
fromthe Court, In this caſe you may lay-the Floore lower then
the neighbouring Roomes , and 4... ..cflice that the ſaid Floore
be one foot higher then the ground work of the Court ; Thus
doing *wwill appear very graceful; for by this means they come
neere to the fair proportion which they ought to have in their
height from the Floore 'or Superficies unto the bottom of the
key of the Arch; And their Entrance is by ſteps which are be-
ewcen the opening of the Arches. -
CHAP. XXIX.
Of the juſt Proportion which the upper
Galleries o#ght to have.
J | He upper Galleries are made cither flat or Arched, if flat,
they muſt be as high as broad : Galleries which arc arched
muſt be as high as broad, with a fifth, fourth,or third part over,
and above thcir ſaid breadth,
—
CHAP. XX Xx.
Of the Meaſures of Doores and Windowes.
— ——
Tz: certain and determinate Meaſures cannot be given of the
height and breadth of principal Gates of Buildings: nor of
Doeres and Windowes of Chambers, becauſc, for to make the
principal Gates, the Archite& muſt accommodate them to the
greatneſſe of the Building, and the quality of the Maſter , and
the uſe that is to be made of them, Neverthelefſe we will not
omie to give the Meaſures following, CHAP
AP.
Of ArchiteFure..
ASETAS,$,9,4 4
Of the Proportion of Principal Cates.
JRincipal Gates of Entrance where Coaches and Wagons
ought to paſſe , and other ſuch neceſſaries, mult not have
lefſe then ſeven and £, eight, or nine foot : and to great Build«
in, unto ten or twelve foot in breadth.
Their height muſt be their breadth and half at leaſt; And to
have it well proportioned, you mult give it.in height twice their
breadth,
CHAP. XXX.
Of the Proportion of Tnner-Doores.
Ores within the Houſe in the leaſt Building, ought not to
have lefſz then two foot and 4 in breadth, and five foot
and + in height : thoſe from three to four foot broad muſt
have in height twice their breadth ; and to great Buildings you
may allow even to hve- or {1x foot in breadth, and the height
double, and ſometimes a fitth or foruth- part leffe then their
breadth,
The 4 ncients were wont to make their Doores narrower above
then below , as may be ſeen in a Church which is at Tivoli,
which Vitraviws teachech us ; and *tis likely they did fo, to give
them more force.
V CHAP. |
+
WF: 5%
-
of
ae aloe pen, Kacey ef ns
lower then
_ { they come
pught'to have in their
.or_vupe1 unit o the; borrom of the
| eir s Dy Reps which arc be-
he Arches, oo okede
FL
-
Is
3. Tents XX1X-
or. Arched, if flat,
mes which arc arched
,or third part over,
p.XXX:
"Doores and Windowes.
pgs ol - k of IJ
An rtair | det e Meaſures cannot be given of the
| | 7 f princip: CN I8: nor of
| Grady for to make the
| ieeR mug ace them to the
neſſe of the Bu ba the quality ihe Maſs and
to be madc.c of chem; Þ Nevertheleſſc we will not
one he | « fol 10g,
X TI "2 CHAP.
Of Mecbitechure:
CAA? XXXI.
Of the Proportion of Principal Cates.
JRincipal Gates of Entrance where Coaches and Wagons
Pugh to paſſe , and other ſuch necefſaries, mult not have
lefle then ſeven and +, eight, or nine foot : and to great Build
ings, unto ten or twelve foot in breadth. |
Their height muſt be their breadth and half at leaſt; And to
mn well proportioned, you mult give it.in height twice theiy
readth,
— -— — —— —_— —— OD —— — —_——_—_—
CHAP. XXXIL.
I eas {
Of the Proportion of Tnner-Doores,
Oores within the Houſe in the leaſt Building, ought not to
have lefſe then two foot: and 4 in breadth, and five foot
and + in height : thoſe from three to four foot broad muſt
have in height ewice their breadth ; and to great Buildings you "Nc *
may allow even to five or (ix foot in breadth, and the height 35-
double, and ſometimes a fifth or foruth- part leffe then their MF.
breadth,
The Ancients were wont to make their Doores narrower above
then below , as may be ſeen in a Church which is at Tivoli,
which Vitraviws teacheth us ; and *tis likely they did fo, to give
them more force.
[Of ArchiteSire;:
CHAP. XXXIIL
Of the Proportion of Windowes.
TY Appertures of Findowes muſt have four foot and: gs
five
foot, and to great Buildings unto fix ; between the two
Jaumes their height muſt be at leaſt double their breadth, and
to make them comely and well proportioned, a fourth part,
a third, or a half part more then the breadth : And according to
the bigneſſe of theſe, you may make all the reſt in the other
roomes of the ſame Story; But thoſe of the ſecond Story
ought to be lower by one twelfth part then thoſe in the firſt; And
if you make Windowes above them, you ought to make thema
fourth part lower then thoſe in the ſecond,
CHAP. XXXIV.
Of the Proportion of the Soiles of Windowes,
He Soles of Windowes muſt have from two foot eight
inches, unto three ſoot at moſt in height, The Tranſoms,
or croſſe pieces of Windewes, mult be four or five inches thick ;
Their Kebates muſt be from one inch and + unto two inches at
moſt, to the end they may have greater ſtrength, and that the
franizs of wood which carry the ſhutters may have convenient
ſtrength. The Jaumes of #indower mult be much rebated and
let in from two inches, and + to three inches at leaſt ,
to the end that the wooden frames may be ftrong, and
Joyn to the wall ; when the wall is thin , the ſhutters of
the Windowes ought to ſhut over the rebates the half or one
third onely , Alfo it is needful to divide the ſaid ſhutters, that
they may not be a hindrance to the Chamber , nor obſcure the
tizht,
CHAP.
"Of Architefiuve;
CHA P. XXXV,
Kules to be obſerved in making
Doors and Windows.
N making Windowes you are to take heed that you do not
give them more or leffe light then is neceſſary, nor make them
wider or narrower then is needful; Wherefore you ought to
have regard to the greatneſſe of the places, which ought to re-
ceive the light, it being evident that a great Room hath need of
more light then a little one ; So that if the Wizdowes be made
lefſe then they ought to be, the place will be obſcure and dark,
And becauſe in Houſes ſome Chambers are made large, ſome ine
different, ſome little, you muſt take great care that all the
IWindowes may be equal one with the other in theirrank and
Order, ſo that thoſe on the right hand may anſwer choſc on the
lf, and thoſe above may be right over thoſe below, Like-
wiſe the Doores muſt be right over one another , to the end that
the void may be upon the void, and the full upon the full : and
moreover, let the Doores be placed in ſuch manner , that one
may ſce from ane end of the Houſe to the other, which is very
graceful ; and beſides, *tis cool in Summer, and hath many
other conveniencies.
[t is very ſecure to turn Arches over Doores and WWindowes,
which Arches do diſcharge and hinder that the Doores and
IVindowes be not preſſed with too much waight, which is of
great importance for the laſting of Buildings.
The Windowes muſt be conveniently diſtant from the Corn-
ers and Angles of the Building, becauſe that part cught not to be
open and infeebled, whoſe office is to ſupport and faſten all the
reſt of the Building,
V 2 CHAP.
Of drchiteFnre,
C H A P, RX XVL
Of the juſt Proportion which the Pillaſters
of Doores and Windowes ought to
bave in thickneſſe and
Projecture.
Ilafters of Doeres and Windowes ought not to be thicker
: _ the fifth part of their Apperture, nor leffe then a
xth,
The Projedure of Pillaſters in general is found by dividing
their thickneſſc into fix parrs, and one of thoſe parts mult be the
Projedure they ought to have,
It remaines to ſee their Ornaments,
ths
i. ——
CHAP. XXXVII
A
Of the Ornaments of Doores and Windowes.
Ow to adorn the Vindowes and principal Doores in Build-
ings, may cafily be known from that which Vitruvius
teacheth in the fixth Chapter of his fourth Book, adding there-
unto all that the moſt Reverend Daniel Barbaro hath faid there-
of, and ſhewen in defign: Andalſo of that which I have ſaid
before of all the five Orders z Therefore Jeaving that, I ſhall on-
ly put ſome defignes of the Ornaments of Doores and Windowes
of Chambers, ſo as they may be made divers wayes; Andl
ſhall mark particulary every member which is graceful, and
how much Projecture is needful,
The
Of Archite&ure. Ti 49
The Ornaments which are given to Doores and Windowes,
are the Archetrave, Frize, and Cornice,
The Archetrave turnes about the Doore, and ought to be as
thick as the Pillafter, which (as1 have ſaid) ought not to be lefe
then the faxth part of the Apperture, nor more then a fifth; and
from the Archetrave, the Frize, and Cornice, take their thick-
neſſe according to the two inventions which follow,
Example,
Let the breadth of the Apperture of the Doore A A. be di-
vided into fix equal parts, one of theſe parts ſhall be the Arche
trave B, which windes about the Doore, and muſt be divided
inco four parts, of three thereof is made the height of the Frize
GC, ad of five, that of the Cornice D.
31S
-
= 8) LLF &3
4
"Y Of ArchiteSure.
The Meaſures of each member of the Ornaments may be
found in this manner,
The Archetrave B muſt be divided into ten parts, three muſt
be for the Prima Faſcia G, for four the ſecond V; and the
three which remaines muſt be divided into 5: three for the
Scima Reverſa P, and the other two for the Orlo, or RegulaR,
whoſe Projedture js the fourth part of its thickneſſe, The Scima
Reverſa P, hath in ProjeFure its height, and is marked in this
manner : they draw a ſtraight line which terminates at the end
thereof, under the Orlo or Regula R, and on the ſecond Faſcis V,
and is. divided in half, fo as cach of theſe halfes is the Baſe ofa
Triangle of two equal ſides; And on the Angle oppoſed to the
Baſe muſt be placed the fixt foot of the Compaſs, and the ( rrve
lines maſt be drawn, which make the ſaid Scima Reverſa P,
The Frize is three parts of four of the Archetrave,divided into
four, and is deſigned of a portion of a circle lefſe then the ſemi-
rele, the ſwelling whereof comes directly over the Cimatinm
of the Archetrarze,
The five parts which are given to the Cornice , diſtribute
themſelves in this manner to its members: one to the Scotia
with its Liſtel/2 , which is a fifth part of the ſaid Scoria.
The Scotia hath in Projediare two thirds of its height; to
delign it they form a triangle of rwo equal ſides, and to the angle
G they place rhe Centre, and ſo the Scotia becomes the Baſe of
the Triangle ; another of the ſaid five parts is for the Ouolo, and
hath in Projedure the two thirds of its height, andis deſigned
making a triangle of two equal fides, and the Centre is made
at the point H ; The other three parts are divided again into
ſeventeen, eight for the Corona with its Lifts, of which that a-
bove makes one of the cight parts; and that which is below
and makes the hollow of the Corona, makes one of the fix parts
ct the Ouolo: The other nine are for the Scima Reds, and its
Urloor Reguls, which is a third of the faid Scima, To frame
itſoas may be well and graceful, they draw the right line
A B, and *tis divided into two equal parts : at the point C, one
of thoſe parts is divided into ſeven, whereof (ix are taken at the
point D, then they form two Triangles, AEC, and CBF,
and on the points E and F, they put the fixt foot of the Com-
4 paſ*,
193
Of ArchiteGnre.
paſs, aud draw the partions of the Circles A C and CB, which
make the ſaid Scima.
The Archetrave likewiſe, in the ſecond invention, is divided
into four parts ; of three is made the height of the Frize, of five
that of the Cornice, then the Archetrave is divided into three
parts, two of them are divided again into ſeven, of which fe.
ven, three arefor the firſt Faſcia, and four for the ſecond , And
the third part of the Architrave is divided again into nine parts
of two is made the Afragal , the other ſeven are divided into
five parts; Three are the Scima Reverſa, and two the Orlo or
KRegwla.
The height of the Cornice is divided into five parts and
2one of which 1s divided again into fix parts, cf five is made
the Scime Reverſa above the Frize, and of the 6 the Liſtella,
The Scima Reverſe hath as much Projedure as it is high, and the
ſame alſo hath the Li(te!la , The ſecond part of the height of the
Cornice is for the Ouolo, which bath in Projefiure ; of its height
The Moulding above the Owolo, is the ſixth part of the Onolo, and
hath the ſame Projedwre ; The other three parts of the height cf
the ſaid Corzice are divided into 17 parts, cight of which are for
the Coronna, which hath in Projedure three parts of four of it;
height , the other nine are divided into four parts, three are for
the Cimatizm, and one for the Orlo or Liſtclla ; The which
remaine are divided into five parts and {; of one is made
the Moulding, and of four and + the Scima Reverſa above the
Coronna; The ſaid Cornice hath as much Projedure as it hath
thicknell-,
Members
>.
; Of dArchiteFnre.
Members of the Cornice of the firſt Invention,
I, Scotia,
K., Onolo,
L., Coronna,
N. Cimatium,
O ,Orlo, or Regula,
Members of the Archetrave,
G. Prima Faſcia;
V. Secunda. Faſcia,
P. Scima Reverſa,
R. Orlo, or Regula.
S. Swelling of the Frize,
T. Part of the Frize which enter into the Wall,
By the meanes of theſetwo, you may know the members of
the ſecond Invention.
Of ArchiteFure.
Of theſe two other Inventions, the Archetrave of the firſt
which is marked F, is likewiſe divided into four parts, of three
ind : is made the height of the Frize, and of five that of the
Cornice ; The Archetrave is divided into cight parts, five are for
the plaine of the Archetrave, and three for the Cimatium, which
ic divided again into cight parts; Three for the Scima Reverſa,
three for the Scotia, and two for the O#olo or Regula;, The
height of che Cornice is divided into fix parts, of two is made
the Scima Rea, with its Orlo or Regwula, and of another the
ſcima Reverſa , the ſaid Scims Keda is divided again into nine
rarts, of cight thereof are made the Coronna and the moulding ;
The Aftragal, or Rondeanu above the Frize, is a third of one of
the ſaid fix parts, and that which remaines between the Coromna
and the Aſtragal, is left tor the Scotia,
I the other Invention the Archerrave marked H , is divided
into four parts, and of three and + is made the height of the
Frize, and fave the height of the Cornice : The Archetrave is
divided into eight parts , five of them are for the plain of the
Archerrave , and three for the Cimatizm, which is divided into
ſeven parts, of one is made the Aſtraga! , and the reſt are divided
into eight parts ; three of which are for the Scima Reverſa, three
for the Scotia, and two for the Orlo or Regu!z; The height of
the Cornice is divided into (ix parts and }, of three are made the
Scima Reverſa, The Dentells and the Onolo, the Scima Reverſa,
hath as mech Projedrre as it is thick : the Dentells are two of
three parts of their height, and the Ono! three of four parts, Of
the : is made the Scima Reverſa, between the Scima Refia and
the Corinna z And the three other parts are divided into feven-
een , nine make the Scima Reaa, and the Orlo or Regala, and
eight the Coronna,
This Cornice hath much ProjeGare as it hath thicknefle, as
all the other aforeſaid,
flere followes defignes of Doores and Windowes according
to the five Orders of Andrea Palladis, and are the ſame which
are inthe Lowvre in Paris.
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Of ArchiteFure.
CHAP. XXXVIII
Of Chimnies in Halls, Chambers, Studies,
and Wardrobcs, and of their
Proportions.
All-Chimnies ought to be within work fix or ſeven foot,and
H in great Buildings-unto cight, between the two Jaumes z
and *rwill be convenient to make their Frmzels in the thickneſs
of the 'wall , if polſibly ic can be ; it not, they mult be ſet in
a place where they may correſpond to thoſe of the Chambers,
the which ſpreads ir ſelf bur little in the middle, as it hath becn
faid ; -and if it be poſſible, it muſt be ſo diſpoſed, that the
Chimney be ſeen in the front by them that (hall enter intothe
Hall.
Their height muſt be four foot and + to five at moſt, from the
bottom of the Plate-band to the Mantle-rree; they mult projet
two foot and half, or three foot at moſt , from the wall unto the
mantle-trec, The Jaumes muſt be from eight to twelve inches
in breadth : and in great Buildings even to 24, or more, accord-
ing to that Order of Architefure, with which they are to be
adorned,
CHAP. XXXIX.
—
Of Chamber-Chimnies, and of their
Proportions.
Borges marr muſt have in breadth five and + or fix
foot, and in great Buildings unto ſeven, and muſt be placed
as I have faid before, becauſe of the place of the bed. Theic
height muſt be four foot, or _—= and ; from the a—_ * or
c Plate
Of Architecture.
Plate-band , their Projefiure muſt be two foot, or two and
2 from the back to the Fore-fides of the Jaumes,
CHAP. XL.
Of the Chimnies i» Studies and Wardrohcs.
Himnies in theſe Rooms muſt be four foot, four and * or
five foot at moſt in breadth : Their height from the Mantle.
tree muſt be like to that above of four foot, and +5. and alſo
their Projetizre two foot, or two and 7, from the back,
L——
CHAP. XLI.
Of Funnels of Chimniecs.
Unnels of Chimnies muſt be carried thorow the Roofe, and
above the ridge, three foot, four or five foot at moſt, that
they may carry the ſmoak into the Air. You muſt take carc
that they be not made neither too wide nor too narrow for it
they be too wide, the wind will drive back the ſmoak into the
Room, and will not permit it freely to aſcend and paſs forth ;
And in Fwunnels too narrow, the ſmoak not having free paſſage
is repulſed, and returnes backwards : Therefore *tis that
Chember-Chimnies are not made narrower then ten or cleven
inches, nor broader then fifteen, which is the ordinary depth
of Fxnnels of- great Kitchin Chimnies, by reaſon of the great
fire that is made' therein; And for their breadth, they mult be
four or five foot at moſt within the work, from the place where
the breſt ends unto the top of the Funzel, Now the ſaid brelt
reacheth from the Mantle-tree unto the Sicling or pitch of the
Arch, alwayes diminifhipg within. the work, ungil you come
eo
Of ArchiteJure.
to the meaſures of depth and breadth before mentioned ; And
from thence ariſing unto the end of the Funnel, it muſt be carricd
up as even as you can poſhbly ; for failing in this, it ofcen hap
pens the ſmoak is offenſive,
CHAP. XLIE.
Il bat is to be obſerved in making Chimnies,
and the faſhion which was practiſed
among the Ancients.
He Fanmes and Mantle-trees of Chimnies mult be curie
ouſly wrought ; for ruſtick work doth not appear well, un-
Icfſe it be in very grcat Buildings, for the Reaſons aforeſaid.
The Ancients, to heat their Chambers, did ſerve themſelves
in this manner: They made their Chimmies in the middle,
with Columns or Corbearx which bore up the Archetrave, upon
which were the Funnels of the Chimnies which conveyed away
the ſmoak ; of which kind one may be ſeen at Bay near the
Piſcine of Nero, and one which is not far from Civita Vecchia
and when they would not have Chimnies , they made in the
thicknefle of the wall pipes or funnels, thorow which aſcended
the heat of the fire which was under the Chamber, and waz
conveyed forth through certain vents and conducts which was on
the top of the funnels, Much like this, the Trenti Gentlemen
of Venice in the Summer refreſhed their Chambers at Coſtoza,their
Country dwelling: For in that place there are great Moun-
taines in which are certain great Caves, which in times paſt
were Quarries, which (I ſuppoſe) Vitruvizs meanes in his ſecond
Book, where he treates of Stone, In theſe Caves are ingendred
extream coole winds , which theſe Gentlemen cauſed to be
brought into their houſe, through certain Subterranean vaults ;
and by the meancs of certain truncks, like to thoſe whereof
I have ſpoken before, make them to run thorow all the Cham»
bers, opening and ſhutting = at pleaſure to take _ +
C2 ceo
Of ArchiteGinre.
lefle of Air, according to the time and ſeaſon ; And this place
would be wonderful were it only for this great Commodity,
neverthelefle that which renders it yet more admirable and
worthy to be ſcen in the priſon of the wind, which isa certain
Chamber under ground, made by the moſt Noble Seignieur Trenti,
and by him called Zols ; where many of thoſe trunks and
conduds of wind are diſcharged ; And to-render jr beautiful,
and worthy of this pame he hath given it, he hath ſpared nei.
ther care nor charge,
CHAP. XLUII.
—_
Of Staire-Caſes, and their divers man-
ners, and the numbers and great-
neſſe of their Steps.
Here ought tobe great care taken in the well. placing the
Stair-Caſe ; for there is not a little difficulty to find a place
convenicnt, fo as the Stairs may be diſtributed without.preju-
dice or hindrance tothereſt of the Building ; "Tis therefore that
ordinarily they are placed in the corner of the Building, or on
the wings, or in the middle of the front, which is butfcldom,
unlefle it be in great Buildings; becauſe much of the Stone-work
will be hindred by reaſon of the Sraires being in the middle,
unleſle the houſe be double,
There are three openings neceſſary to the leaſt Staire-Caſe,
the firſt is the doore-way that leads to them, which is the better
when it is ſpatious, and pleaſcth me moſt if it be in ſucha place
where, before one approacheth, one may ſee the beſt- part of the
houſe : for although the houſe be little, by this meanes it appear-
cth much larger ; nevertheleſſe it behoves that the ſaid Doro«
way be obvious and eafie to be found.
The ſecond opening is that of the Wizdowes, which are need-
ſal-to give light to the Staires, and when there is but one, let it
be in the middle as near as you can, to the. end that all the
Stgire-Coſe may be inlightned, ; The.
Of ArchiteSture.
The third opening is the landing place, by which we are to
enter into the Roomes above, and ought to lead to places large,
faire, and well adorned, |
Staires will be well made, if they be ſpacious,light, and cafic,
fo as they may invite people to go up,
They will be lightſome when they have a perſe& light, that
diſperſeth it ſelf to all parts <qually.
They are ſpacious when they appear not Jitrle, nor narrow
in reſpe& of the bigneſſe and quality of the Fabrick ; but they
muſt never be narrower then four foot; to the end, that if two
perſons meer, they may commodiouſly paſſe one by the other ;
They may be made of five or fix foot, or ſeven and half, and to
great Buildings unto ten or twelve foot broad to every flight,
and they muſt be made as commodious as poſſibly you can,
CHAP. XLIV.
Of the Height and Breadth of Steps.
He Steps ought not to be more then fix inches high z andif
they be lower, they muſt chicfly be to long and continued”
Ftaires z will be ſo much the calier, becauſe one needs nor
- the foot (o higli z bur they muſt never be lower ther four
inches.
Their breadth ought not: to be leffe then afoot, nor more:
then fifteen or fixteen inches.
The Ancients obſerved not to make the number of Steps
even, to the end that beginning to afcend with the right foot,
they might end with the ſame foot, which they took to be a good
Omen, and with greater devotion ſo to. enter into the Temples.
CHAP.
195
Of 4 rchiteure.
CHAP. XLV.
Of Divers manners of Staires,
Tairs are made Straight or Winding : the Straight are made
Sr pread abroad into two branches or paſſages; or {quare,which
turnes into four branches or paſſages; and to make them in this
laſt manner, all the ſpace muſt be divided into q parts, whereof 2
muſt be for the Staiyes, and 2 for the vacancy; The middle where-
of if jt be open,the Stazrs receive light. They may be made with
a wall within, and then within the two parts which are taken
for the Stairs, the thicknefſe of the wall ought to be compre-
hended and incloſed, -which makes the Caſe or Newel , they
may alſo be made without a wall within : theſe two forts of
Staires were made by the Invention of Seignieur Lovis Cornare,
.a Gentleman of an Excellent Judgement.
IWindingeStaires, ſome are made round, ſome oval, ſome with
a Newel jn the middle, and ſome open; And ſuch Winding.
Staires are made chiefly where there is little room, becauſe they
take up lefſe room then the ſtraight Statres, yet not ſo caſte to
aſcend. Thoſe which are open in the middle are very handſome,
becauſe they may have light from above, and thoſe who arc
above may ſce thoſe who are coming up, and are alfo ſcen by
them,
Thoſe which have a Newel in the middle, having but little
room are made in this manner : you mult divide the Dijametre
into twelve parts, ten whereof are for the Stazrres, and the two
which remain are for the Newel in the middle ; Or divide the
id Diametre into cight parts, ix whereof are tor the Sreps, and
two for the Newel ; And if there be much room, you mult di-
vide the Diametre into three parts, whereof two are for the
Staires, and one for the New: , as in the deſign A, Or other.
wiſe, you may divide the Diametre in ſeven parts, of which take
three for the Newel in the middle, and four for the Staires,
Jult in this manner is the Staire-Caſe of the Column of Trajan
at Rome, and if you make Staires winding as in the —_—
they
_—
Wt tes, an
Ro a8%;
Of ArehiteGure,
they will be handſomer and more agrecable, and Tonger then if
they had been ſtraight ; Bur to Stazr-C ſer open in the middle,
the Diametre muſt be divided into four parts, two whereof muſt
be for the middle, and two for the Staires,
Beſides the faſhion of Staires which are in praftice, there hath
been a Winding-Stiire invented by Mark Anthony Barbaro, a
Gentleman of Venice of an Excellent Judgment, who made
excellent experiments in very narrow places, where there is no
Newel in the middle; and the Staires in their turning are much
longer, and are divided after the manner aforeſaid,
Thoſe which arc oval divided in the ſame manner as the
Round ; they are very handſome and pleaſant, becauſe all the
Windowes and Doores are in the middle and head of the oval, and
are very commodious ; I have made one open in the middle in
the Monaſtery of Charity at Venice, which hath (uccceded very
well,
There is another very handſome manner of Staires which
King Francis the Firſt cauſed to be made in the Caſtle of Cham-
bor near Bloyſe, and is in this manner; There are four Stair-C ſes
which have four Entrances, to wit, one Entry to each, and go
up the one over the other in ſuch manner, that being made in
the middle of the Building, the four may ſerve for four Appar=
tements; ſo that the Inhabitants of one need not go up and down
the Staires of the other, And becauſe it is open in the middle,
they all ſee each other go up and down, without any hindrance
the one to the other. This Invention being new and hand-
ſome , I have placed it here, and marked with Letters from the
foot tothe head, to the end every one may ſee where each Staire
begins, and where it ends.
There was alſo to the Porticos of Pompey at Rome, leading to
the place of the Jewes, Winding-Staircs of an admirable form ;
for being placed in the middle, in ſuch manner that they could
not receive light bur from on high, they were ſet upon Columne,
tothe end that the light might diſtribute it ſelf co all parts alike;
According to which example, Bramante an Excellent Archite&-”
in his time, made one of them at Belzedere, and withour Steps,
having the four Orders of Architeture, Dorick,, Ionick,, Corin-
thian, and Compoſita, To make theſe Staire-Caſes, you mult d'-
vide
197
Of ArchiteJure.
vide the whole ſpace into four parts, two whereof are for the
void place in the middle, and one on cach-{ide of the Steps and
Columne.
There are many other faſhions of Stair-Caſes in Ancient
Edifices, as Triangwlars ; and of this ſort are thoſe of the Cupolo
cf St. Maria Retunda, which are open in the middle, and
receive light from above: Thoſe alſo which are at Santio Apo.
ſtolo in the ſame City, by which we go up to Monnt Cavells,
which are very magnifick, and they arc double. Many perſons
have taken the model thereof, and carricd it to a Temple on
the top of the Mountain, as appearcs in my Books of Temples,
and of this ſort is this laſt deſign,
You muſt note , that in Stair=-(aſes which are ſquare or
oblong, when you are conſtrained to place Steps in the Angles,
in turning.you cannot make more then fix ina Scmicircle, which
are three in + of a Circle, and is then, when the Strair-Caſe ſhall
kave but fix or ſcven foot in breadth within work, which is the
leaſt that can be made,
To Stair-Caſes of eight foot broad, you muſt put cight
Steps from the Angle, turning to a Scmicirc!e, which will be
four to ; of a Circle.
And to Staire-Caſesr from nine to ten foot broad, you mult
put ten Steps to a Semicircle.
If they have cightecn foot more or leſs, you may make twelve
Sreps to a Semicircle,
You muſt take heed that the Janding place of the Stairer,
which is the ſpace between the wall and the Steps which one
alcendeth, and which doth diſtribute ro the Apartements, be
broader a fourth part at leaſt then the length of the ſaid Steps.
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ROOFS.
RULES
INSTRUCTIONS
FOR
Framing all manner of Roofs, whether Square
or Bevel,cither above pitch or under pitch,
according to the beſt manner praiſed in
England.
Allo to find the length of the Hips and Sleep-
ers, with the back or Hip-mould, never yet
Publiſhed by any Archite&, Modern or
Antiqueza Curiofity worth the Regard even
of the moſt Curious Workmen : Exactly
demonſtrated in the following Rules and.
defigns z By that Ingenious Architect Mr. .
William Pope, of London.
FE, e
Of Architefure,
CHAP. XLVI. Of Roofs.
avin2 raiſed the Walls to their deſigned hcight, and made
the Vaules, laid the" Foiſts, browghe up the Staires,and per-
formed all thoſe things ſpoken of before; we are now to raiſe
the Roof, which imbracing every part of the building,and with
ies weight equally -prefſing upon the walls, is asa band to all the
work ; and beſides defends the Inhabicants from Rain, from
Snow, from the Burning Sun, and from the moiſture of the
night ; adds no ſmall help to the building, caſting off from the
walls the R ain-water, which although for a while ſeems to do but
lictle hure, yet in procefſe of time is cauſe of much Dammaec,
The firſt Men (as faith Vitruvizs ) built their houſes with flac
Roofes, but- finding that thereby they were not defended from
the weather,they (conſtrained by neceſſity) began ro make them
ridg'd (that is to ſay) raifed in the middle : Fheſe Roots are to be
raiſed to a higher or lower pitch according to the Country in
which-they are ; wherefore in Germany by reaſon of the great
quantity of Snow that falls there, they raiſe their Roofs to a
very great pitch,and cover them with Shingles, which are (mall
pieces of wood, or of thin Slate or Tylesy for it they ſhould raiſe
them otherwiſe,they would be ruined by reaſon of the weight of
the Snow. But we who dwell in a more temperate Country
qught to chooſe ſuch a pitch which may ſecure the building and
be of a handſome form therefore we divide the breadth of the
Roof into four equal parts, and take three,which makes the moſt
agrecable'piech for our Country, and is the foundation for the
raifing of any manner of Roof, whether Square or Bevel ; as ap-
peares in the following deſigns and deſcriptions,
The Manzier of Framing a Floor with the Names of each Member,
Is He #biokneſſe of the Wall, and Lintel or Wall-plate , and if
T it bein Timber workg,then a Breſſummer,
The Summer.
Girders framed into the Summer,
Spaces between the Fosſts,
TFoifts,
Trimmers for the Chimney way,
Trimmers for the Staixe-Caſe, or well. bole for the Stairs.
CHAP,
A. B.
A, A.
. Of ArchiteCinre.
CHAP. XLVII.
Of the Deſign A.
He Breadth of the Houſe, Cantilivers, ( ornices, and Eaves 1
The Length of the Rafters and Furrings, which ought to
be + of the breadth of the houſe A A.
The principal Rafters to be cut with a Knee ( as in the Dee |
fign) that they may the better ſupport themſelves and the bur-
then over them upon the upright of the wall, and alſo ſecure |
that part from the dripping in of the Rain; which otherwiſe
would happen if the-Rafters were made ſtraight and furred.
The Beamto-the Roof, or Girder to the Garret floore, ought
to proje& without the work, as far as the Furring or Shreading,
which is the Projeure of the Cornice,
This manner of framing the Roof will be uſeful
from 20 to 30 foot, or thereabouts,
Ground-Plate.
Girder, or binding Interduce, or Breſſummer.
Beam to the Roof or Girder to the Garret fluore,
Principal poſt and apright brick, wall,
Braces,
Quarters,
Interduces, |
Prickspoft, or Window-pc/t. 7 ;
TJ aumes or Doore-poſt, |
King prece, or Foggle jiece, .
Strutts.
Coller-beam, Strutt-beam, winde-beam,or toj=beam,
Doore- head,
Principal Rafters,
Farrinzs or Shreadins,
Ends of the Lintels, and pieccs,
Bedding-monlding of the Cornice cver th: Windowes, and ſpace
between,
Knees of the principal Raſters, which 87e to be of one piece.
Parline Mortices, Hes CH.P,
Nene ch £6 ——
- *. + 3
Of Arehitelnre.
CHA P.. XLVIII.
Deſign of the Gable End or Roof B.
T2 the whole Breadth of- the Gable End or Roof A A be 20
foor, divide the ſame into 4 <qual parts, take thereof three
for the length of the principal Rafter AB, and placing that
erpendicular from the point C to the point D, begets the
ny of the Sleeper A D,which will be 18 foot. And the length
of the Dormers principal Rafter from A to E, when laid to its
pitch upon the back of the principals, will reach to the level
line F B, or top of the principal Rafter ; And this is a general
rule for all Breadthe,
I. Summer or Beam,
2. King piece, Crown poſt, or Toggle prece,
3. Braces, or Strutts,
4+ Principal Rafters,
&, The Sleeper,
6. Purline of the Dormer,
7, Principal Rafter of the Dormer.
$, CSingle Rafter of the Dormer, ſtanding on the Sleeper and Purline,
9, Point of the Sleeper,
40. 11, Thethickpeſſe of the Wall and Lintels,or wall-plates;
CHAP,
Of Architefure.
CHAP. XLIX.
Of the Italian or Hip Roof C.
A. A. TI He Breadth of the Roof, being 20 foot.
A. B. The length of the Sleepers or Hips, being 18 foot, which
is proportionable to the breadth of the Houſe,
E. D. The height of the Roof perpendicular,
C, D. . The length of the Hip, and the Angle which it maketh upon
the Diagonal linc, which isſhewed by the prick line G, from l
F to C.
1+ 22. TheWall and Lintell:.
3. Dragon Feam for the Hip to ſtand on,
4» Bramor Summer, wherein the Dragon-Beames are framed,
5. King piece or Crown poſt,
be Strutts or Braces from the Crovon poſt tothe Hip Rafter,
7, Hips as they make the Angle equal to the breadth of the Houſe.
8, Hips as they make the Angle im the Diagonal lines from Corner to
Corner, j
" Up The Additional I: ngth which the Hips make upon the Diagonal
line, more then the breadth of the Houſe, :
Of Architefure,
CHAP. E.
Of Flat Roofs D.
'
|
i
| | WJ ie a Camber. Beam and Rafiers joggled in, whoſe
| weight lyethnot chiefly in the middle, and may be fo
made that without hanging up the Beam, the principals may
diſcharge the weight ;: And how Drips may be made to walk on.
1». Camber-Beam,
2. Principals joggled into the Camber-Beam,
I At_u—_—__—
3. The place where the principal: are joggled in,
4, Punchons or Braces:.
5+ m_ to welk, on, and maybe made with-the leſſe current that
the Roof may be made the more pitch for the ftrengtbening
thereof : And may be made bigber or lower 6coording to the
Building and Diferetion of the Archite.
6, Battlements..
A Flat Roof, with a Crown poſt, or
King piece.
4" WS.
© 256 oh” es CBI - oe aw AM FIPW- a>
Of ArchateFlure;
CHAP. LI.
Of the Hip Roof FE.
Nſtru&ions to find the length ard back of the Hip, ſs as.x may enfwer
Þ $he$c and the end ; of the perpendicear line, of the gable end, the
ewo Skirrs, the ſide of he Reof m pleno, or tying in ledgment with the
hip and gab'e end; the Diagonal and icular lines being laid down
proporuonal to any brodch or lengeh, by which che moſt ingenious
larre himiclf, and an ordinary Capacity { already ined with the
of the Ruler and Compal) may plainly demonfirace o{ he parrs of « Roof
whether Square ar Bevel above Patch or under Pitch by lincs ofepropartior,
a6 Way appear 31 the Deligns following,
Suppoſe the Roof 20 four Broad,and inlength 20.40, or <0 foot move or tes.
Er A.B.C.D. Be fades and ends of the nfrang WW.
Hipt, the other a gable end. Draw thelines A. B.C.D. the bredrh and
ikngrh of rhe Roof. Then draw the gable end A. B. E whoſe fides or prin-
cipal Raſters being 5 of the brodtch of the Alouſe; then draw the perpen-
dicular Ine E &. the heighth of the geble end, which line is of general uſe
to level the ridge of all Roofs 3-and if che other end He Hrpt 25 m the de-
ſgn D. C. G. then irſervesto-fand the Jengeh of the hip, and the back of
the Hip, ſo that it may anſwer bach fides and ends of the Roof, alwayes
obſerving that the middle of che bredih of the houſe i 2s TH. then
draw the line K L N thronghche center T. which will make right angles
1 the line E F.H.'G. both in bevel and ſquare houſes Then extend rhe
tize A. B. on borh ſides to ©.'being che lengch of A.E. or E. B, thelengrh'
af the principal Rafters or _ of the hredth of the houſe. So will O.N. and
O. R. make the length of the ridge LF. and K, D, and © I the two:
$kiirs,
ÞÞ find the length of the Hip.
Row the Diagunal limes D, 1, and I. C. over which the Hip is to bang:
when in irs due place;rhen rake the perpendicular line E.F & place it
from the point I.ro P.P perpendicular to theDiagonal or Baſe lines D.I: and
IC. at SoisI.P. and LP. the pitch of the hip equal tothe gable end
E, F, and when erefted witſhang perpendicular to the point I. Then take
P..?, the hypotenuſe of rhe wiang)e Þ.L P. and C. P the hypotenuſeof
the triangle C. T. P. placing them from D. to G. and C. toG. gives the
lengeh of the hip D. G.C. and when aid to their prech, will all mecr perpen--
dicular to the point T,
To find the back of the Hip. fo that it may anſwer bath ſides and ends
of the Roof, whether Square or Bevel.
Ay the Ruler from the point L. ro the point H. and from the point H
to M and mark where it cuts the Diagonal lines D.l and I.C,atQ Q,
then ſer one foor of the Compaſſes on the point Q. and exxend the other
foot to the hip lines D. P. and C. P. at the neareſt diitance w'th that mark
the poirs R upon che ſame Diagonal lines, then draw the prickt lines [.R.
H. and H R M: which mgkcs the back of the hip for the iwo corners of
chat Reok,
This Rule ſerves for all Roofs wherher over or under pite ).
Gg3 CHAP.
bd Acc wn .._
Of ArchiteGure. Wn
.CHAP. III, F
Of Roof "Bevel at one ed, and Square 8t the other , the: Gable end
$ quare, the Bevel end Hipt:
Sg Uppoſe the bredth of theRoof 20 foot, the lengeh more on one ſiderhen
J on the other,as in the defign A.B C.D. then draw the gable end A.E.B.
whoſe ſides fromA.to E.and from E toB is ? of the bredth of the houſe, or
4
s the length of -the principal Rafters ; then draw the [Nnm_—_ E. F.
the height of the Roof from the floor ; and if kneed, then from the rop of
the knee, as inthe defign of a-kneed Rafter before-going.
The. fides of the Roof which makes the-Ridge G. H.-I. K. to be drawn
as is deſeribed in the fore-going deſign.
Divide the bredth of the Roof in two equal parts,as F.L.Q then take the
diſtance Lz N. which is the « bredth of the houſe, and make it parallel
to C.Q.D. as M.L.M. and L. will be the point whoſe perpendiculars
O, T, will meet the principal Rafters and hips.
2 .To find the length of each Hips diſtin one from the other.
d Of the longeſt Hip.
=. F j YRaw the Diagonal lineL, C. and take the heighth of the gable end
Ee £+ E.F.and-place it perpendicular to L:C.at O.So have you the heighth
ap of rhe Roof perpendicular from O.L. equal to E.F. the gableend; and
Pe F the line O, C, will be the length of the hip Rafter, which will be equal to
2 ©; C. H. the $kist for that fide of the hip, and C. P. the fide of that hip end.
To find the back of the longeſt Hip C. 0.
- the Ruler from the point M. to Q.and mark where it cuts the Dia-
gonal line at R.then ſet one foot of the Compaſſes at the point R. and
extend the other foot-ill it touch the line C. O. at the neareſt diſtance,
then make it rouch the Diagenal line at S. then draw the lines M. S. Q.
which is the back of the hip for that corner of the Roof.
To find the ſhorteſt Hip.
Raw the Diagonal line of L.D.and take E.F.the perpendicular of the
2._F# gable end as before,8& place it from L.to T. perpendicular to L.D.then
draw the line T, D. which is the length of the hip for that corner, and is
cqual to the skirt D, I and the fide of that hip D. P. which when erected,
| will meer with the other principals perpendicular to the point L.
; To find the Back of this Hip.
Ay the"Ruler from the point Q to the point M. and mark where it
cuts the Liagonal line L.D.atV.Extend the Compaſles from the point
V. to touch the line T. ÞD. at the neareſt diſtance, and carry that diſtance
on the Diagonal line ro the point W. Then draw the prickt lines M. W Q.
which.will make the back of thar hip fir for that Bevel corner.
And.thisRule ſcrves for all Bevel Roofs whether over or under pitch.
——— J
- - wh
_
CHAP.
. NR es Ad” lc ab AA
. - iS
Of Arch
WS
Cp —_—_— o——— —— y—_—_ _— I he.
CHAP. LIII G.
Of a Roof Bewel at both ends, and broader atone
end then the other.
on . 4
þ T HE length-and bredth of the houſe. þ
The length of the Rafrers or pitch between the wideſt and
narroweſt end about the middle of the houſe, to ſtand over the
pricke line T. T. as the foot F. to ſtand on the one T. the feor”
G. to ſtand on the other T.
The point of the two Hip ends when brought to their due
place, will be perpendicular to P, P, and will met the fides
EF, K. L, M. over the pointsP. P.
©. 0.0.0. The points of the perpendiculars and lengths of the Hips
ke backe of t I ch
, e backs of the Hips or Hip mould due to cach corner:
RREER The points to find ,_ Q. the point for cach backs,
S.S.S. S. -— on repreſenting + the bredth of the houſe parallel to» *
cacn end, a
TT. Repreſenting the middle of the houſe.. #
Notwithſtanding the Bevel ends you' may place your Beams
for your principal Rafters to ſtand on, Square, or ſo near a
Square as may be, or between both, as from” the ends of the
prickt lines I, K. L., M. bringing the out-fide of them ftraight-
under P, P, which will be more handſome for the houſe inthe
inſide although ic Bevels outward.
FINIS.
Fo
)
____— ——— —..---- -. - ror uo SO ti —
CN EE” EE Does
Do Ss
—_— —_—_— — —— ” <0
O
—_— —__————
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4 CO—_ <0YOSD >< ————— PC”. [Eee 4
_— — — — — — 4c oe --
Of Archit
__———
"= CHAP. LIM G.
—_—— ——- _ —_ —— ——wo—m—_ —_—_— ——
Of a Roof Bewel at both ends, and broader at o
end then the other.
T% HE length-and bredth of the houſe.
| F: The length of the Rafters or pitch between the wideſt a
narroweſt end about the middle of the houſe, to ſtand over t
prickt line T. T. as the foot F. to ſtand on the one T, the fe
G. to ſtand on the other T.
H. H. The point of the two Hip ends when brought to their d
; place, will be perpendicular to P. P, and will mzet the fic
EF, K. L, M.. over the pointsP. P.
©. 0.0.0. The points of the perpendiculars and lengths of the H
The backs of t 14 duetocach
. Q. . Thebacks of the Hips or Hip mould due to cach corner:
TEQON The points to find = Q. he point for each backs,
S.S.S. S. Tas _ repreſenting + the bredth of the houſe parallel
cach cnd.
T.T. Repreſenting the middle of the houſe. -
Notwithſtanding the Bevel ends you may place your Bea
for your principal Raſters to ſtand on, Square, or (o near
Square as may be, or between both, as from the ends of t
prickt lines I, K. L, M. bringing the out-fide of them ftraig
under P, P. which will be more handſome for the houſe in
inſide although it Bevels outward,
ms
Sg
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CHAP. LIII G.
Of a Roof Bevel at both ends, and broader at
end then the other.
.B. C.D. g HE length-and bredth of the houſe.
G. The length of the Rafrers or pitch between the wideſt
narroweſt end about the middle of the houſe, to ftand over
prickt line T. T. as the foot F, to ſtand on the one T. the f
G. to ſtand on the other T.
H. H. The point of the two Hip ends when brought to their «
place, will be perpendicular to P. P, and will met the fi
FE, K.L, M.. over the points P. P.
©. 0.0.0. The points of the perpendiculars and lengths of the H
——_— C. os = A
. O. . Thebacks of the Hips or Hip mould due to cach corner:.
SER The points to find -—_ Q. rl point for cach backs,
$.S.S.S. Thelines repreſenting + the bredth of the houſe parallel
each end,
T.T. Repreſenting the middle of the houſe.
Notwithſtanding the Bevel ends you may place your Bear
for your principal Rafters to ſtand on, Square, or ſo near
Square as may be, or between both, as from the ends of th
prickt lines I, K. L. M. bringing the out-fide of them ftraigh
under P, P, which will be more handſome for the houſe inth
infide although it Bevels outward.
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